"Washington Umqondo Weningi"

"Washington Umqondo Weningi" - isethi ziqondiso kwezomnotho Izinqubomgomo zomnotho esethwe Economist IsiZulu John Williamson ngo-1989. Bakhandwa ukuthatha isiqondiso esiyisisekelo emazweni irhelebho kusukela izinhlangano zomnotho ezifana neBhange Lomhlaba kanye-International Monetary Fund. Ukugcizelela main kwaba ku ukubaluleka ukusimama komnotho omkhulu nokuhlanganiswa ku umnotho wezwe, ngamanye amazwi, umbono wongxiwankulu ohlulekile kwembulunga yonke. Nokho, uye waholela Imiphumela kungagcini, ngemuva kokunikwa isicelo emazweni ebhekene zinhlekelele kwezomnotho.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi "Washington Umqondo Weningi" usolwa ngokunikela eziningi destabilization sina, ikakhulu kule nkinga Argentina. Dzhon Uilyamson waphawula ukuthi ezimweni eziningi imiphumela nokuqaliswa kwalo iye yadumaza, luvete ezinye ubuthakathaka obuthile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuthi nqubomgomo nemiphumela emihle - okungukuthi, ukukhula komnotho, umsebenzi zabasebenzi, nokwehla kobuphofu emazweni amaningi.

Imibono ngokokuqala ngesikhathi beshaywa owasungulwa Williamson zazingezintsha. Kodwa besenkolweni quintessence themes owawuvamile izincomo, okuyinto zanqunywa -International Monetary Fund, i-World Bank, US UMnyango Treasury kanye nezinye izinhlaka obolekisayo.

Injongo iphakethe ejwayelekile yezinguquko kwaba ukuthi ukuxazulula izinkinga zangempela ekhona e-Latin America. Ukusetshenziswa Its okwalandela maqondana kwamanye amazwe liye wagxeka ngisho Abasekeli imithetho. Njengoba kuveziwe ngu Williamson yena, igama livele kuye nezincomo ethize eziyishumi ngenqubomgomo kwezomnotho zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo obanzi kuka e inhloso yakhe yokuqala, waba elihlobene ne-neo-ovulekile emakethe eziyisisekelo nezombangazwe jikelele. Futhi ngomqondo ebanzi we "Washington Umqondo Weningi" wagxekwa ngu zezomnotho eziningi, kuhlanganise ingxenye George Soresu, kaNobel Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, futhi osopolitiki Latin American.

Umphakathi emhlabeni wonke manje ikholelwa ukuthi kukhombisa izinqubomgomo neo-ovulekile ukuthi zezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba jikelele wezimali e-Washington udale inani izinyathelo eziqondile ngokuphathelene emazweni Latin American uhlangabezana izinkinga zezomnotho, okwaholela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu nakakhulu. Kukhona ngisho nabantu abangakwazi igama elithi "Washington Umqondo Weningi" futhi akezi ngokufutheka.

kabusha Eziyishumi, yenza uhlu Williamson empeleni emelelwa ezingeni eliyisisekelo.

1. isiyalo Fiscal. Lokhu kwakumelwe kwenziwe kuwo wonke amazwe lapho kwakukhona khona kusilela esikhulu, okwaholela inhlekelele ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa kanye ukwenyuka kakhulu kwamandla emali, okuyinto hit phezu amakilasi abampofu, ngoba abantu ocebile ungagcina imali yabo izimpahla phesheya.

2. ukuhanjiswa imali yomphakathi ezindaweni ezinikeza uyabuya okusezingeni eliphezulu kwezomnotho kanye namandla wokuthuthukisa engenayo ukusatshalaliswa (lokhu ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa, imfundo yamabanga aphansi, kanye nengqalasizinda).

3. kabusha Tax (ukunciphisa izinga nokukhawulela base yentela ukunwetshwa).

4. ukuxegiswa zenzalo.

5. Ushintsho yokuncintisana izinga.

6. ukuxegiswa utshalomali ngqo lwamazwe angaphandle.

7. Privatisation.

8. Trade ukuxegiswa.

9. I Ukususwa kwemibandela ekukhangiseni.

10. Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo.

Ukwamukelwa ohulumeni abaningi "Washington Umqondo Weningi" ngokuyinhloko kwakungenxa yokusabela kuya sezomnotho esimanzonzo emhlabeni eliye hit iningi Latin America nakwamanye amazwe asathuthuka ngesikhathi 1980. Ukuvela obumbi kwadingeka izimbangela ezimbalwa: ukwanda elibukhali amanani kawoyela amazwe ngemva kokudalwa kuka-OPEC ngo-1960, usetha ezingeni izikweletu zangaphandle, ukukhula US, futhi ngenxa yalokho, emhlabeni zenzalo. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinkinga - ukulahlekelwa ukufinyelela ukubolekisa ezengeziwe zakwamanye amazwe.

Mangisho ukuthi kwamanye amazwe amaningi besazama ukufeza amaphuzu ezahlukene iphakheji ezihlongozwayo, ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa njengoba isimo ukuthola imali-mboleko yendlu kusukela IMF futhi iBhange Lomhlaba.

Nokho, imiphumela hlelwa kabusha uhlala ngesihloko kukhulunywe kangaka, njengoba osomnotho nabezombusazwe siqhubeke sihlaziye izimbangela kanye izici wesimo somnotho, kuqale isikhathi lapho kwakungekho ezweni obumbi bomnotho lokuqala ngo-1857, okuyinto eye yaba nethonya ngisho naseRussia. Iqiniso lokuthi Marx waqala umsebenzi "Capital" unyaka ebusika 1857-1858, futhi bekubonakala okubangelwa obumbi bomnotho yaqhuma ekwindla ka-1857 Namuhla, njengoba sazi, kuwumbono wesimo elihlobene ne ezomnotho kaMarx.