State iKhansela - kuyinto emkhubeni civil eRussia

Omunye isikhundla ezivamile e Tsarist eRussia lezwakala yiKhansela State. Lokhu isikhundla ukugqokwa izikhulu eziningi zikahulumeni. Livela kwalesi sihloko, kanye nabanye abaningi, lihlotshaniswa igama likaPetru I. Iqiniso, ngubani langempela ikhansela isimo, ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ukuthola lesi sihloko, nokunye okuningi - kulesi sihloko.

Uhlu Amazinga

Umthetho isevisi isimo eRussia yanyatheliswa ngo-1722, futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi Uhlu Amazinga. Ukulungiselela lezi ubukhosi isimemezelo asabela ngayo ngendlela efanele kakhulu, izindleko yokudala idokhumenti cishe iminyaka emithathu. Uhlu Amazinga kwaba yi engokwemvelo olukhulu kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru mina, ngenxa okuyinto inani izikhundla e-apharathasi zomphakathi nakwezempi liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngesisekelo le dokhumenti wakhonza oda ezifuze ekhishwe emazweni ahlukahlukene Western Europe. Ekubhaleni bathunjelwa akhawunti nalabo nezihloko sezivele elisetshenziswa sabaphathi isimo. Kwakubuye kube uhlelo bezigaba ezintsha kanye ezinhlwini zazo kamuva ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe uMbuso Russian. Zonke simo babe izigaba ezintathu ezinkulu ukuthi abazinikele izikhulu zempi, ezivamile enkantolo. Phakathi kwalezi ezinhlwini entsha bese uphromothiwe, ethiwa State iKhansela. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu ezinhlwini nane, elalingelamaFilisti ongekho empini (nezakhamuzi) ingxenye Ithebula.

Izikhulu kanye Uhlu Amazinga

Njengoba singabona kusukela umbhalo Ithebula, idokhumenti enganikanga ezinhlwini ezintsha kanye izihloko abantu "akazange azokhonza inkosi, futhi patronymic." Ngakho, ngisho nezikhulu kakhulu kahle ozalwa isiphi isikhundla hhayi matasa kuze enkonzweni. Kunalokho, kuvela mkhaya ophansi, ungenisile umphakathi, Nginelungelo ukubizwa umnumzana futhi uthole isikhundla okuhambisanayo. Ngakho, ukuze banikeze umbono wokuthi langempela isimo ikhansela - yesikhulu ngofuzo linesisekelo. Lokhu isikhundla kungaba kwakuthiwa uthole yimuphi umuntu khulula ngubani inkonzo yomphakathi. Kamuva, kanye elibusayo kwakuholela amankeyane, futhi ezinhlwini ngaphezu ibanga lesihlanu wenza umuntu hola umusa imithetho yombusi.

Uhlu bezigaba civil

Ngokusho inguqulo yasekuqaleni Table, lo (eliphakeme) isikhundla sokuqala phakathi kwababusi civil matasa likashansela. Ngemuva kwakhe kwakungo ikhansela azitshelwa zombuso, futhi ngemva kwakhe - ikhansela yangasese. Phezulu ezintathu isikhundla matasa ehhovisi zomphakathi eziphakeme eRussia. Laba bantu are ekunqumeni ezombusazwe sangaphakathi isimo. A State iKhansela noMbuso iKhansela - kukhona bakahulumeni ibanga lesine nelesihlanu, kwakunzima ngokulandelana.

Isihloko ikhansela isimo Empire Russian abangu ebambe isikhundla sobubi-nababusi, amaphini labaqondisi eminyangweni ehlukahlukene, usihlalo we-Exchequer, nabanye. Ukuze bathole lokhu isikhundla, kumele kusize okungenani iminyaka emihlanu ku-grade odlule.

Kuyini ikhansela isimo langempela?

isimemezelo Special Disemba 9, 1856 Tsar u-Alexander II uye some imithetho ukuze lezinceku isikhundla wekuvana ejensi zomphakathi kunokuba aye empini. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke izikhulu lezinceku zaziphinde zibe nelungelo lokuthola izikhulu Class 4. A iKhansela State - lena ongekho empini grade 4 ekilasini. Ngokungafani yiKhansela WoMbuso kwakungadingekile ukuba ayokhonza elisezingeni owedlule iminyaka eyishumi ukuthola ke. iposi ejwayelekile okuyinto yazenzela ikhansela esivumelekile - kuyinto umbusi, umqondisi womnyango, imeya.

isikhalazo esisemthethweni

Ngokwe-Table, isigaba ngasinye neyaseNtshonalanga ukusingatha ngendlela ethile. IKhansela yeMibuso wabizwa ngokuthi "Omkhulu." Yemabanga yesithathu neyesine hlinzeka for nye indlela yokwelapha. State iKhansela - ungumuntu kufanele ihlonipheke "Mhlonishwa."

Ngamafuphi. Ngakho, umbuzo othi obani ikhansela isimo sangempela kufanele baphendule ukuthi kuyinto kazwelonke ezisemthethweni bebanga lesibili eRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa knighthood sitholwa njengefa. Kusukela ngomhla ka-1913 endaweni yase-isimo isiRashiya, kwakukhona 3113 izikhulu lilinganise 4. Ngo-1917, wakhipha isimemezelo esikhethekile uHulumeni waseSoviet bonke ezingeni futhi amamaki baye siqediwe.