Izimpawu izakhi zamakhemikhali nezinhloso nemigomo yeNhlangano ukuqokwa kwabo

Chemistry, njenganoma iyiphi isayensi, kudinga ngokunemba. ukubika uhlelo endaweni yolwazi nekuchazwa amakhulu eminyaka, futhi kusesimweni standard kuyinto isakhiwo elungiselelwe equkethe lonke ulwazi olufanele ukuze uthole okunye umsebenzi theory ngamunye isici esithile.

Lapho ebhalela amafomula nezibalo kuzokuhlupha kakhulu ukusebenzisa lonke igama izidakamizwa, futhi manje asetshenziselwe le nhloso elilodwa noma amabili izinhlamvu - chemical izimpawu izakhi.

indaba

Endulo, kanye Ephakathi, izazi wasebenzisa umfanekiso ongokomfanekiso ngoba izingxenye ezahlukene, kodwa lezi zibonakaliso awazange zilandele izilinganiso ezithile. Kuphela kuze kube ikhulu XIII, imizamo nokumisa izinto izimpawu izakhi, futhi ngekhulu xv izinsimbi abasha baqala oqokiwe izinhlamvu zokuqala amagama abo. Icebo efanayo isetshenziswa amagama amakhemikhali kuze kube namuhla.

Isimo samanje igama uhlelo

Kuze kube manje, kukhona abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amabili nantathu samakhemikhali, ezinye zazo ezitholakala emvelweni kuyinkinga kakhulu. Akumangalisi ukuthi phakathi kwesayensi XIX leminyaka wayazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu 63 kuphela kuzo, futhi kwakungekho igama elilodwa uhlelo noma okuqinile idatha chemical kwesistimu yokubika.

Inkinga yokugcina yaxazululeka engxenyeni usosayensi Russian lelo khulu leminyaka D. I. Mendeleev yesibili, esekelwe akuphumelelanga imizamo ngaphambili. lapha inqubo uyaqhubeka namuhla - kukhona izakhi eziningana abalwa kusukela 119 nangaphezulu, itafula uphawu ukunciphisa Latin inombolo yayo ukulandelana. Singaqiniseki Amatshwayo izakhi zamakhemikhali kulesi sigaba Kwenziwa ngokufunda imithetho netinombolo Latin: 119 - ununennium (ngokwezwi nezwi okusho "izingalo eziyikhulu namashumi nesishiyagalolunye.") 120 - unbinilium ( "izingalo eziyikhulu namashumi wamashumi amabili ') nokunye.

Ingxenye enkulu izakhi unegama lisuselwa Latin, isiGreki, isi-Arabic, izimpande isiJalimane, kwezinye izimo ezibonisa izici umgomo we izinto, kuyilapho abanye bazenza njengoba kungekho eziqalwe izinhlamvu.

I etymology ezinye izakhi

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amagama kanye nezimpawu izakhi zisekelwe izimpawu elibanzi abonakalayo.

igama phosphorus, elikhazimulayo ebumnyameni, livela amazwi YesiGreki "ukuletha ukukhanya". Lapho lihunyushelwa isiRashiya kutholakala impela eningi "ukukhuluma" amagama: chlorine - "green" uxhumano lokudlulisa - "nephunga elibi" rubidium - "amnyama abomvu" indium - "indigo". Njengoba izimpawu zamakhemikhali izici banikwa ngezinhlamvu zesi-Latin, igama isixhumanisi ngqo ukwaziswa esiphathiswa isiRashiya ngokuvamile singanakwa.

Kukhona futhi inhlangano ezicashile enegama. Ngakho, igama selenium livela egameni lesiGreki elisho ukuthi "inyanga." Lokhu kwenzeke ngoba ubunjalo tellurium isici umngane, ogama lakhe ngesiGreki lisho "iZwe".

Ngokufanayo aqanjwe niobium. Ngokusho zamaGreki, Niobe - indodakazi Tantalus. elementi Chemical tantalum uvulekele ngaphambili futhi impahla yayo efana niobium - uxhumano okunengqondo ngakho "Ubaba-indodakazi" waba afakwa kwi "Ubuhlobo" izakhi zamakhemikhali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, tantalum, igama layo kwaba behlonipha umlingisi odumile basezinganekwaneni akuyona ngephutha. Iqiniso liwukuthi kokuthola lesi sici njengoba injalo emsulwa kwaba nzima kakhulu, ngakho ososayensi futhi wanxusa phraseologisms "kujabulisa".

Enye elingokomlando ukwazi ukuthi igama platinum ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba "serebrishko" t. E. okufanayo, kodwa hhayi ziyigugu njengoba esiliva. Isizathu wukuthi metal Incibilikile esiliva kunzima kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukuthola isicelo futhi ezinenani elincane.

Isimiso sekukonke lapha izakhi

Lapho ubuka ishadi lesikhathi salezi into yokuqala ukuthi abambe iso lakho - amagama kanye nezimpawu izakhi zamakhemikhali. Kuba njalo izincwadi elilodwa noma amabili, eyokuqala - isihloko. izinhlamvu Ukukhetha okubangelwa egameni lesiLatini element. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpande amazwi zivela esiGrekini futhi Sisuka olimini lwesiLatin, nezinye izilimi, i-eziyimpumelelo Latin kunezelwa amagama ejwayelekile kubo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, iningi izimpawu esiphathiswa isiRashiya kuyoba enembile: aluminium, zinc, i-calcium noma magnesium wesikole uyakhumbula kalula okokuqala. Nzima kunjalo nalabo amagama, okuyinto zingafani okufushane Russian nangesiGreki. Umfundi kungenzeka ngokushesha ukukhumbula ukuthi Silicon - a Silicium futhi mercury - gidrargirum. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula - ukumelwa ecacile element ngayinye igxile egameni lesiLatini ketshezi, okuyinto sizofakwa ku amafomula zamakhemikhali ukusabela njengoba Si futhi HG ngokulandelana.

Ukuze ukhumbule amagama abafundi enjalo kuyasiza ukwenza izivivinyo ezifana "Matanisa luphawu element zamakhemikhali igama layo."

igama Ezinye izindlela

Amagama ezinye izakhi lisuselwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu futhi babe "eliqoshiwe" ngaphansi zesiLatini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-sodium ithole igama kusukela base emsukeni osho ukuthi "inqaba ejenti." imisuka Arab kungabuye kuyofikwa amagama potassium ne zirconium.

Ithonya lakhe kwaba nesiJalimane. Kusuka lapha ke kwenzeka izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi manganese, ayibe, nickel, i-zinc, i-tungsten. Uxhumano okunengqondo boni ngaso sonke isikhathi, isibonelo, nickel - segama bezwi, okusho "sethusi udeveli."

Ezimweni ezingavamile, amagama ziye zahunyushelwa Russian njengoba iphepha kufunwe: gidrogenium (ngokwezwi nezwi okusho "obeletha amanzi") yaphenduka hydrogen ne karboneum - carbon.

Amagama kanye namagama ndawo

izakhi angaphezu kweshumi nambili zibizwa ososayensi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise no-Albert Einstein, uDmitri Mendeleev, u-Enrico Fermi Alfred Nobel, u-Ernest 'uRutherford, Niels Bohr, uMariya Kyuri nabanye.

Amanye amagama savela nezinye emabitombamba: amagama emizi, uthi futhi amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo: Muscovy, Dubna, europium, tenessin. Akuwona wonke amagama endaweni kubonakale kujwayelekile izikhulumi bomdabu of Russian: neze ngaphandle ukuqeqeshwa kwamasiko ifunda izwi Nihon self Japan - Nihon (ovuthayo. I Izwe YeJapan), kanye hafnium - Latin inguqulo ye-Copenhagen. Ngisho igama lezwe e izwi ruthenium - akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Noma kunjalo, i-Russia e-Latin libizwa ruthenium, futhi bekubonakala ogama lakhe behlonipha chemical isici wakhe 44.

Vela ku etafuleni gqwa amagama zasemkhathini: amaplanethi, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, le nguzunga uPallas. Ngaphandle amagama abalingiswa zamaGreki (tantalum, niobium), ukuhlangabezana futhi zaseScandinavia: cindezela, vanadium.

ishadi lesikhathi

Ngo ajwayelekile kithi namuhla, ishadi lesikhathi, onegama uDmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, izakhi okwethulwa imigqa nezikhathi. Kuseli ngayinye, isici chemical okhonjiswe uphawu zamakhemikhali, eduze okuyinto nenye idatha ethulwa: igama lakhe eliphelele, inombolo ye-serial, ukusatshalaliswa kohlelo zamatshe electron, isihlobo mass athomu. Iseli ngalinye has nombala ohlukile, okuyinto incike s- esabiwe, p-, isici d- futhi f-.

izimiso okuqoshiwe

Lapho uqopha isotopes futhi isobars kwesokunxele phezulu isihlobo kungxenye uphawu ibekwe inombolo mass - inani eliphelele proton kanye neutrons nucleus. Uma le ibekwe ngakwesokunxele inombolo phansi e-athomu lamele linani proton.

Ion icala silotshwe kwesokudla phezulu, futhi ohlangothini olufanayo kusuka phansi kubonisa-athomu. Izimpawu izakhi zamakhemikhali njalo ukuqala ngohlamvu capital.

izinguqulo National ukuqopha

Esikhathini esifundeni Asia-Pacific has ukupela ezahlukene izimpawu izakhi zamakhemikhali esekelwe izindlela zendawo yekubhala. Kuhlelo Chinese mpawu zingavela izimpawu olukhulu, kulandele izinhlamvu value abo ifonotiki. metal izinhlamvu kwandulelwe uphawu "metal" noma "igolide" amagesi - olukhulu "umusi", nonmetals - Kanji "itshe".

Emazweni European, kukhona izimo lapho izakhi zokuqopha emamaki zehluke ezilotshwe amatafula ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, e-France, i-nitrogen, tungsten futhi beryllium amagama abo siqu ngolimi kazwelonke futhi ebekwe amatshwayo afaneleko.

Ekuphetheni

Ngesikhathi ngisafunda esikoleni noma isikhungo semfundo ephakeme, ukukhumbula ngekhanda okuqukethwe yonke ishadi lesikhathi ayidingekile. Imemori kufanele ugcine izimpawu zamakhemikhali izici ukuthi zivame kakhulu ezitholakala amafomula nezibalo, futhi kuningi ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ubuke ku-intanethi noma ebhukwinitifundvo.

Nokho, ukuze agweme amaphutha futhi ukudideka, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi iyona esakhiweni idatha kuthebula, lapho kuyadingeka ukuze uthole idatha yomthombo, ngokucacile ukhumbule lokho igama izakhi zingafani Russian futhi inguqulo yesiLatini. Uma kungenjalo, kungenzeka ngephutha ukwamukela mg MN futhi N - phezu sodium.

Ukuze uthole ezinye umkhuba lapho besanda kuqala, izivivinyo. Ngokwesibonelo, faka Amatshwayo izakhi zamakhemikhali ukuze ngephutha ukuthatha ukulandelana isihloko ishadi lesikhathi. Njengoba uzuza ukuzwa konke uyowela endaweni kanye umbuzo ukukhumbula lolu lwazi oluyisisekelo uzonyamalala ngokwalo.