Escape izitshalo: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Izinhlaka nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, abameleli abaningi evolutionarily eziphambili zombuso imvelo, kukhona lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti ngempela ahlukahlukene. Ingxenye komhlaba isitshalo okuthiwa impande, aboveground - indlela yokuphunyuka. It ukuphunyuka isitshalo lucwaningo imisebenzi ebalulekile: negesi lokushintshisana, inqubo ye-photosynthesis, transpiration, esiphelweni vegetative futhi indawo yayo elilungile maqondana ilanga.

Umsuka yokuphunyuka

Esikhathini kwemvelo walo mzimba livela abokufika ngowokuqala ezweni - Rhyniophyta. Its sifanamsindvo kuthiwa ezinwabuzelayo nezinyoni emagatsheni olunjengemfoloko njengoba izicubu mechanical wayesalokhu kabi athuthukile. Kodwa ngisho ne isakhiwo bakudala ezinjalo photosynthesis ebusweni ukwanda, okusho ukuthi ukuhlinzeka umzimba isitshalo kangcono carbohydrate.

Iyini indlela yokuphunyuka izitshalo

Escape ibizwa ngokuthi ingxenye zasemoyeni zalesi sihlahla, ehlanganisa stem kanye namahlamvu. Zonke lezi zindikimba yilezi autonomic, ukuhlinzeka ukukhula, umsoco nokukhiqizwa asexual.

Escape simila iqukethe izitho esingesihle - nezinso. Zimbili izinhlobo izinso: vegetative futhi okuzala. Uhlobo lokuqala siqukethe stem-embryonic ne-leaf, phezulu okuyinto Indwangu zemfundo (meristem) okufakiwe ukukhula Isigaxa. Uma, ngaphandle stem leaf ihlumela iqukethe ekuqaleni izimbali noma inflorescence, ibizwa ngokuthi okuzala. Ngokubukeka, lezi efihlekile ukuhlukanisa usayizi omkhudlwana futhi ukuma oyindilinga.

Indawo lapho ishidi unamathele esiqwini, esibizwa ngokuthi i-node, kanye nebanga phakathi ISIZINDA - internode. I-engeli phakathi stem ishidi ngokuthi itheku.

Esikhathini inqubo yentuthuko ku ihlumela lapho futhi iziphathimandla obhekene okuzala (ngokocansi) ukukhiqizwa kabusha: imbali, nezithelo imbewu.

Ukuthuthukiswa izinso yokuphunyuka

Lapho kuqala izimo ezikahle entwasahlobo ka meristem amaseli iphuzu zikhula, ziqala ukwabelana. internodes Efinqiwe ukwandisa ngobukhulu, okungase kuholele ekungasebenzini amahlumela amasha simila. Uchonywe stem kukhona esibulalayo efihlekile. Zinikeza ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni izithombo ubude. Axillary nemiqumbe adventitious ise axils leaf noma interstices, ngokulandelana. Ngenxa stem yabo amafomu amahlumela side, t. E. Amagatsha.

izindlela isitshalo ekhelini

Kuye isakhiwo, zikhona ezinye izindlela of ekhelini amahlumela yilezi:

1. Dichotomous. Uhlobo bakudala iningi amagatsha, lapho laba ababili, ukwakha iphuzu ukukhula kusukela ngamunye wabo ezimbili, futhi, njll Ngakho ukhule ezinye ulwelwe nezitshalo spore ephakeme: .. Club wona kanye Izinhlobo.
2. Primopodialnoe. Lokhu amagatsha kungabonwa njengolukaJobe gymnosperms (uphayini, ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi) kanye angiosperms (oki, Maple). isikhathi eside neziqu lezi zimbali ezikhula obuphelele kweqembu alandelayo amagatsha lateral.
3. Sympodially. Nale ndlela ukukhula apical, kunalokho, yona imisiwe. A efihlekile lateral ezikhulayo ngentshiseko, ukudala abaningi entsha ohlangothini amahlumela. Pear, cherry nezinye izimila eziqhakazayo Uyi Isibonelo esingokoqobo lolu hlobo ukukhula.

ukulungiswa amahlumela

Kuyini ukubalekela nezitshalo indlela okubukeka ngayo, yebo, wonke umuntu uyazi. Nokho, izimo zezemvelo ngokuvamile zidinga ukubonakala imisebenzi eyengeziwe. It kalula ukunikeza izitho zezimbali. Escape Ushintshe, ezuza izici ezintsha kwesakhiwo, kulesi simo-ke siqukethe le izingxenye yokuphunyuka ejwayelekile.

Nokulungiswa eyinhloko Ukuphunyuka zihlanganisa:

• Rhizome - ingaphansi phansi, lapho iningi ikhula nendawo. Ingabe internodes side futhi efihlekile, awo phezu esikhathini evumayo avele amaqabunga. Ngakho-ke, kusukela izitshalo rhizomes (lily esigodini, ukolo utshani, valerian) kunzima kakhulu ukuqeda. Ngemva kokubahlubula off the amahlamvu, babalekela uqobo uhlala ezweni, ezikhulayo ezingasho.

• Tuber - a ukuqina interstitial kokuba izinso - amehlo. Omele bhá izitshalo, akha nezilimo eziyizigaxa, iyona amazambane. Ngoba likhula phansi, ngokuvamile kudidaniswe luyimpande ukushintshwa. Nokho, kukhona nezilimo eziyizigaxa zasemoyeni, isibonelo, kohlrabi.
• Bulb - Ushintshe isitshalo Kuphendula namahlamvu evuthiwe esisogwini Isiqu flat - eDonets. Isici garlic, onion, Tulip, lily. In the amahlamvu ingaphakathi namanzi buthelela nomsoco kanye Ingaphandle ezomile ubavikele ekulimaleni.
• Namakhakhasi - unogada ipheya, ulwandle lalesi sihlahla, hawthorn kanye nezinye izitshalo. Ukuba ku axils leaf bona, ukuvikela ngempumelelo izitshalo ezivela izilwane ufuna ukuba adle nabo.
• Izimpondo - Ushintshe amahlumela abacaphuni, esaziwa izitshalo endaweni ethile. Ikhukhamba, amagilebhisi, amathanga - izitshalo ezivamile ukuthi asebenzise le divayisi.

• Moustache - amahlumela mncane internodes eside. Strawberry kanye sitrobheli vegetatively okusakazwa ke ngosizo amadevu.

Njengoba ubona, izitshalo zihlume inezingxenye ukuthi bayakwazi esihlobene, buyehluka kuye izimo zemvelo ukunikeza isitshalo ngasinye ukubukeka kwalo siqu eliyingqayizivele.