Nitric acid

Namandla monobasic acid, okuyinto ezimweni ezijwayelekile ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle lapho iphendula aphuzi ngesikhathi isitoreji kungenzeka isimo okuqinile, libhekene ukulungiswa ezimbili crystalline (monoclinic noma ngehele orthorhombic) at okushisa ngezansi lokususa 41,6 ° C. Le into nalesi ifomula amakhemikhali - HNO3 - nitric acid libizwa. It has a izinyo lomhlathi mass 63,0 g / imvukuzane, kuyilapho kwabantu bayo oluhambisana 1.51 g / cm³. acid Reflux izinga lokubanda lalingu-82,6 ° C, kuhambisana noqhekeko we (esinqunyiwe): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. isixazululo acid nge ingxenyenamba mass we ketshezi eziyisisekelo 68% amathumba ezingeni lokushisa 121 ° C. Inkomba yezokubona ka ketshezi okumsulwa oluhambisana 1.397. Acid kungenziwa exutshwe namanzi kunoma iyiphi ratio futhi, ngokuba electrolyte eqinile, cishe iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ngokuphelele ku ion H + futhi NO3-. ifomu Solid - trihydrate futhi monohydrate kokuba ifomula: HNO3 • 3H2O futhi HNO3 • H2O ngokulandelana.

Nitric acid - ukugqwala asebenzayo, into enobuthi, kanye oxidizing ejenti enamandla. Kusukela Ephakathi eyaziwa lelo gama, njengoba "eqinile amanzi» (Aqua Fortis). Alchemy eyathola acid ekhulwini le-13, awunika igama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo okungavamile (konakalisa zonke izinsimbi ngaphandle igolide), edlulele izikhathi million amandla acetic acid, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku ayebhekwa asebenzayo kakhulu. Kodwa ngisho nangemva kwamakhulu eminyaka okungazi ezintathu kuye kwatholakala ukuthi adle, yebo igolide kungaba ingxube acid ezifana nitric futhi hydrochloric esikhungweni isilinganiso ivolumu 1: 3, okuyinto ngenxa yalesi sizathu ngokuthi "aqua regia". Ukubukeka umbala ophuzi ngesikhatsi isitoreji kungenxa ekuqongeleleni nitrogen oxides kuwo. Iyatholakala acid nge lokuhlushwa kaningi 68%, nalapho okuqukethwe okokusebenza base phezu 89% it is elibizwa "kabi".

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali nitric acid, ukuhlukanisa ke kusukela sulfuric alulaze noma hydrochloric acid ukuthi HNO3 oxidant namandla Ngakho ungalokothi ezikhishwe hydrogen ukusabela ezisansimbi. Ngenxa izakhiwo oxidative, futhi ihlangana abaningi abangewona ama-izinsimbi. Futhi ezimweni zombili njalo kwakhiwa nitrogen dioxide NO2. Ngo ukusabela redox, ukululama nitrogen kwenzeka ntshashintshe: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, CHA, N2O, N2, NH3, okuyinto kunqunywa lokuhlushwa acid nomsebenzi we metal. La ma-molecule zezakhi kwakhiwa iqukethe nitrogen isimo namachibi +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, ngokulandelana. Ngokwesibonelo, lethusi oxidized nge kanzulu acid zethusi nitrate (II): Cu + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, ne phosphorus - ukuze metaphosphoric acid: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

Kungenjalo baxhumana alulaze nitric acid nonmetals. Ngo isibonelo ukusabela ne phosphorus: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO kubonakala ukuthi nitrogen kuyehla kube isimo divalent. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka oxide nitric ne phosphorus is oxidized ukuba phosphate acid. Kanzulu nitric acid e admixture ne hydrochloric acid ancibilikisa igolide: Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → CHA + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O ne-platinum: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. Kulezi ukusabela, ekuqaleni, hydrochloric acid is oxidized nge nitric chlorine ukukhululwa, bese akha eziyinkimbinkimbi metal chloride.

Nitric acid is ezikhiqizwa ezimbonini etholwe ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Umsuka - ukusabela usawoti nge sulfuric acid: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Ngaphambili, kwaba indlela kuphela, kodwa lapho kufika obunye ubuchwepheshe, okwamanje esetshenziswa endaweni yokucwaninga ukukhiqiza kabi acid.
2. Okwesibili - ke iyindlela arc. Lapho umoya phezu i arc kagesi nge lokushisa 3000 kusiya ku 3500 ° C, ingxenye nitrogen emoyeni ihlangana oksijini, ukwakha nitrogen monoxide: N2 + O2 → 2NO, okuyinto emva lwaluyophola is oxidized ukuba nitrogen dioxide (akasabeli ngesikhathi okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa monoxide nge-oksijini) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. Khona-ke, cishe, lonke nitrogen dioxide, ngesikhathi ngokweqile umoya-mpilo, ziyoncibilika emanzini: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Okwesithathu - lena indlela ammonia. Ammonia is oxidized ku ekwandeni-platinum ukuze nitrogen monoxide: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. I kwaphumela amagesi oxide kuthiwa selehlile, kanye kwakhiwa nitrogen dioxide, okuyinto amuncwa amanzi. Ngu le ndlela, i-asidi kokuba lokuhlushwa 60 kuya 62%.

Nitric acid is kabanzi embonini ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa, udayi, iziqhumane, umquba nitric futhi nitric acid nosawoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asetshenziselwa kuqedwa izinsimbi (isb, ithusi, okuhola esiliva) okungahambisani ukuxubana nezinye acid. I ubucwebe esetshenziselwa isinqumo egolide ingxubevange (lena indlela esemqoka).