Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen chemical isici nge isethi yemiphumela 7 elise 5 iqembu le Mendeleev uhlelo gqwa. Lokhu igesi diatomic ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile of ngokwanele inert. Ngo emkhathini woMhlaba, okubangela ngamakwata amathathu. I element libhekene okulandelayo namachibi uthi: -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Kuyingxenye compounds eziningi. One igesi enobuthi iba nsundu ngokubomvu (libhekene ikhono obungamcasula ipheshana zokuphefumula, okubangela edema yamaphaphu at lokuhlala eliphezulu), ukuba isici abukhali, iphunga okunoshukela - kuyinto nitrogen dioxide. Ifomula NO2. Izinyo lomhlathi mass 46,01 g / Mol. Ubuningi 2.62 g / dm³. Ukuvala abacaphuni 21 ° C. Lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini iyaphendula nalo. Inkomba yezokubona ka 1.449 (ku-20 ° C).

Nitrogen dioxide linendima ebalulekile kwamakhemikhali asemkhathini, kuhlanganise nomoya kumiswa i-ozone tropospheric. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuba enkulu emoyeni ukungcola kanye Lesisemkhatsini synthesis yezimboni nitric acid, okuyinto izigidi zamathani ekhiqizwa unyaka ngamunye. Lena ngenye yama-ambalwa oxides nitrogen (kanambambili compounds wezinto of nitrogen ne-oxygen) nge namachibi:

• Mina - N2O nitrogen oxide;

• II - CHA monoxide nitrogen;

• III - dinitrogen trioxide N2O3;

• IV - NO2 nitrogen dioxide futhi dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4;

• V - pentoxide dinitrogen, N2O5;

• trinitramide N (NO2) 3.

Nitrogen dioxide kuncibilike kalula. Yena ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile NO2 elixutshwe (cishe 1: 1) ekusebenziseni kungekho nto enemibala emihle (dimer yayo) N2O4. NO2-chemistry is kahle waqonda.

Ngendlela esisabela ngayo amanzi hydrolyzed, okuholela ezimbili kwakhiwa acid (oxide ne nitric): 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3.

Ngo ukusabela nge nosawoti alikhali akhiwa njengoba lezi acid ezimbili: 2NaOH + 2NO2 → NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O.

Uyena oxidant enamandla okwazi oxidizing SO2 ukuze SO3. Kule ndlela kusekelwe impahla oxide sulfuric acid. I NO2 naphakathi izinto eziningi, kuhlanganise organic compounds, isibabule, carbon ne phosphorus, ushise.

Nitrogen dioxide ngokuvamile ezivezwa namachibi nitrogen oxide-mpilo asemkhathini: O2 + 2NO → 2NO2

Ngo-laboratory, NO2 ibhalwe izinyathelo ezimbili: amanzi emzimbeni ka nitric acid ukuze dinitrogen pentoxide, okuyinto ke thermally ukubola:

2HNO3 → N2O5 + H2O,

2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2.

Ngenxa yalokho yokubola ezishisayo of ezinye nitrate metal futhi kungenzeka NO2 lelungiselelwe:

2Pb (NO3) 2 → 4NO2 + 2PbO + O2.

zingase zimiswe oxide by ukusabela nitric acid (bagxila) kusuka izinsimbi (isb, ithusi):

4HNO3 + Cu → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O.

Ngaphansi kwethonya nitric acid (bagxila) ithini Ngaphezu nitrogen dioxide, ithini acid kwakhiwa njengoba umkhiqizo by-:

4HNO3 + Sn → H2O + H2SnO3 + 4NO2.

Eminye imithombo oxide N2O4 (IV) wayebizwa ngokuthi nitrogen tetroxide. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso, njengoba ketshezi kuyinto dinitrogen tetroxide. NO2 ukhona zilingana ne kungekho nto enemibala emihle igesi N2O4: 2NO2↔N2O4.

Njengoba lokhu esele exothermic, it is saya eceleni NO2 at okushisa aphakeme futhi ngamanani aphansi - maqondana N2O4. Deamer ludlulele ngaphakathi isimo okuqinile ezingeni lokushisa lokususa 11.2 ° C. Ngezinye lokushisa 150 ubola: N2O4 → 2NO2 ke 2NO2 → 2NO + O2.

Nitric acid kancane kudedela NO2, onikeza isici umbala ophuzi iningi amasampula lokhu acid:

4HNO3 → 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2.

Nitrogen dioxide kalula Kutsho iphunga ngisho at lokuhlala aphansi, ephefumula we umusi kufanele kugwenywe. Omunye umthombo bezikhali NO2 is kabi nitric acid okuyinto inike NO2 at okushisa ngenhla 0 degrees. izimpawu ushevu (edema yamaphaphu) ngokuvamile ukuvela ngemuva ephefumula amazinga okukhishwa engaba yingozi lapho iphuzwa kwamahora ambalwa. Kunobufakazi obuthile bokuthi ukuthi eside ukuchayeka NO2 at lokuhlala ngenhla 40-100 mg / m³ kungehlisa izinga wamaphaphu umsebenzi futhi kwandisa ingozi izimpawu zokuphefumula. Ukwenza izifundo abanye ososayensi kusungulwa ukuxhumana phakathi lokuhlushwa NO2 kanye sudden infant death syndrome.

Nitrogen dioxide kwakheka izinqubo ezingu omlilo lapho umoya isetshenziswa njengoba oxidant.

Emazingeni ephakeme, i-nitrogen ihlanganisa ne-oxygen ukuze kwakheke i-nitrous nitric: O2 + N2 → 2NO ke CHA is oxidized emoyeni ukwakha dioxide O2 + 2NO → 2NO2:

1. Ngaphansi okuvamile lokuhlushwa asemkhathini kuyinqubo kancanekancane.

2. Umthombo Cishe iningi NO2 kukhona yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini, izitshalo amandla ezishisayo kanye, ngezinga elincane, uginindela Mills.

3. Negesi heater kanye amaziko nazo wemithombo yalolu oxide. nitrogen edingekayo wethulwa ngokweqile amandla omlilo emoyeni, okuyinto iguqulwe ukuze nitrogen oxides ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu.

4. Emikhayeni heater kaphalafini negesi heater nazo imithombo NO2.

5. nitrogen dioxide ekhiqizwa asemkhathini ukuhlolwa yenuzi (umbala obomvu mushroom ifu).

6. Ezinye izindawo yezolimo ubuso bayo lokuhlala ongafinyelela 30 g / m³.

7. NO2 nalo ngokwemvelo akhiqizwa nokuduma, imvula.