Wesifunda Oscillating - lena ... Umgomo we operation

wesifunda Oscillating - idivayisi yokwenza (ukudala) ka oscillations kagesi. Kusukela yaqala kuze kube namuhla isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe ezisukela ukuphila kwansuku zonke izimboni ezinkulu ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ehlukene kakhulu.

Of kuthini aqukethe?

Isifunda oscillation kufaka ikhoyili capacitor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi kungase kube Resistor samanje (variable ukumelana elementi). Kuvele inductor (noma Solenoid, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi) kukhona induku lapho Windings kuthiwa nilimaza izingqimba eziningana, okuyinto ngokuvamile kuyinto wire ithusi. Kuyinto lesi sici kudala oscillations yesifunda oscillatory. A bar, ephakathi nendawo, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi binda, noma umongo, kanye lekhoyili ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Solenoid.

oscillating ikhoyili wesifunda kudala oscillations kuphela uma icala egciniwe. Lapho ngidlula wamanje ngokusebenzisa it, aqoqana icala nesikholelwa ke wanika wesifunda lapho voltage lehla.

ikhoyili izintambo ngokuvamile abe ukumelana aphansi kakhulu, okuyinto uhlala njalo njalo. Isifunda oscillation wesifunda ngokuvamile kwenzeka ushintsho voltage amperage. Lolu shintsho kungaphansi kwemithetho ethile zezibalo:

• U = U ₀ * cos (w * (tt _0), lapho
  U - voltage ngesikhathi t,
  U ₀ - voltage ngesikhathi t _0,
  w - imvamisa oscillations kagesi.

Enye ingxenye ebalulekile wesifunda kuyinto capacitor kagesi. Lo msuka siqukethe izingqimba ezimbili zazo ahlukaniswe Kwe-dielectric Heating. I ukushuba we ungqimba phakathi electrode lingaphansi kuka yobukhulu bawo. Lo mklamo ivumela buthelela ku-yisivikelo kagesi, okuyinto ungakwazi ke ukuthumela circuit.

Ngokungafani capacitor ibhethri wukuthi akukho ukuguqulwa izinto nge kagesi, futhi kukhona inqwaba ngqo ngaphandle kwenkokhiso inkambu kagesi. Ngakho, nge capacitor kungaba enkulu ngokwanele buthelela kube necala, inganikelwa konke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulokhu, wamanje yesifunda luyanda kakhulu.

Futhi, circuit oscillation yakhiwa isici esisodwa nje: a Resistor. Lo msuka has a ukumelana naso futhi kwenze yokulawula wamanje kanye voltage kulesi sifunda. Uma ngesikhathi voltage njalo ukwandisa ukumelana we Resistor, lamanje uzokwehla ngumthetho Ohm sika:

• I = U / R, lapho
  Mina - wamanje,
  U - voltage,
  R - ukumelana.

inductor

Ake sihlolisise nhlobo imininingwane inductor futhi ngcono uzokuqonda umsebenzi waso esikhathini esidlule kwaze wesifunda resonant. Njengoba sishilo, ukumelana kwalesi sakhi ivame zero. Ngakho, lapho uxhumeke wesifunda DC kuzokwenzeka Ukunciphisa isekhethi. Nokho, uma ikhoyili exhunywe kwi-wesifunda AC, usebenza ngendlela efanele. Lokhu kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi isici has a ukumelana kushintshana zamanje.

Kodwa kungani kunjalo nendlela yokumelana kwenzeka lapho umuntu zamanje kushintshana? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, sidinga futhi ukuba siphendukele lo mkhuba wokuzilimaza inductance. Nge ukudlula wamanje ikhoyili kuwo kukhona amandla electromotive (EMF), okuyinto kudala isithiyo ushintsho zamanje. Ubukhulu lalezi zisebenzi kuxhomeke ezicini ezimbili: wamanje kwekhoyili esuselwe ngenhlonipho ezithile. Izibalo, lokhu kwencika uwukubonakaliswa ezothando:

• E = -L * I '(t), lapho
  E - EMF,
  L - inductance ukubaluleka ikhoyili (i ikhoyili ngamunye uhlukile futhi incike isibalo Windings we ohlobo ukushuba yabo)
  I (t) - isikhathi esuselwe wamanje (lamanje ushintsho rate).

DC Amandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi engashintshwa, ngakho ukumelana layo lapho zihlatshwa kuphakama.

Kodwa ngezinye AC yonke nemingcele yayo njalo siguqula e umthetho sinusoidal noma cosine, okubangela amandla electromotive, okuyinto evimbela lezi zinguquko. Ukwenqaba okunjalo libizwa lokungeniswa futhi ibalwa ifomula:

• X _L = w * _L, lapho
  w - imvamisa oscillation wesifunda,
  L - inductance kwekhoyili.

Amandla samanje Solenoid yemigqa kwandisa kunciphe ngokuvumelana nemithetho ezahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uyeka ukugeleza samanje ikhoyili, uzoqhubeka isikhashana ukunikeza icala circuit. Futhi uma lokhu umngena emlonyeni ukugeleza zamanje, kuyoba bacibishela yokuthi icala azozama phandle futhi ikhoyili basakaza. Lena - inkinga engathí sina kwezinga lemikhiqizo yezimboni. Lo mphumela (nakuba hhayi ngokuphelele ezihlobene wesifunda oscillation) kungabonakala nasemkhakheni, isibonelo, ngenkathi kususwa i-plug kusukela izisekelo. Kulokhu imigqomo inhlansi ukuthi ngezinga elingaka ngeke ukulimaza umuntu. Kuyinto ngenxa yokuthi amandla kazibuthe ingabe usekhona ngokushesha, kodwa kancane kancane kwashabalala, ngokuyenga Imisinga nezinye babashayeli. Ngo ngezinga ezimbonini amandla lwamanje izikhathi eziningi kunangendlela yethu evamile 220 volts, ngakho kuphazamiseka uchungechunge production kungabangela izinhlansi ibutho yokuthi kuzokwenza eziningi ukulinyazwa kokubili nezitshalo umuntu.

Ikhoyili - kuyisisekelo ukuthi kusukela lapho wesifunda oscillation kuyinto. Inductor solenoids kuhlanganisiwe ngokulandelana wanezela. Ngokulandelayo, sitshelwa ngo sihlolisise nhlobo imininingwane isakhiwo ukuthi isici.

Uyini inductance?

ikhoyili inductance wesifunda oscillating - kuyinto ipharamitha ngabanye okungukuthi anda elilingana nebutho electromotive (e volts), okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-wesifunda lapho ukushintshashintsha samanje 1 1 yesibili. Uma Solenoid ixhunywe wesifunda DC, inductance yayo uchaza amandla kazibuthe, okuyinto okudalwe yilo kwamanje ifomula:

• W = (L * mina ²⁾ / 2, lapho
  W - magnetic field amandla.

Coefficient inductance kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi: i-geometry we Solenoid, izici kazibuthe core futhi isibalo ohlobo wire. Esinye isici sale inkomba ukuthi uhlale omuhle, ngoba eziguquguqukayo lapho akuncikile ingaba mibi.

I inductance Ungase futhi lingachazwa ngokuthi isakhiwo umqhubi nge esitolo amandla samanje kazibuthe. It is kulinganiswa ngo Henry (yaqanjwa nososayensi waseMelika Dzhozefa Genri).

Ngaphezu kwalokho Solenoid oscillation wesifunda siqukethe capacitor, okuzoxoxwa ngemuva kwalokhu.

capacitor Electric

Capacitance kunqunywa oscillator wesifunda capacitance kagesi capacitor. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo okuye kwabhalwa ngenhla. Manje Ake sihlole yemvelo ka izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo.

Njengoba amapuleti capacitor zakhiwe umqhubi, khona-ke ungakwazi ageleze kagesi. Nokho, phakathi amapuleti amabili kumane kuyisithiyo. Yisivikelo (ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo emoyeni, ukhuni noma ezinye izinto nge ukumelana Ngenxa yokuthi icala Awukwazi ukuhambisa kusukela komunye umkhawulo wire ezinye, kukhona ukunqwabelana yona amapuleti capacitor ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa amandla kazibuthe amakhulu kanye kagesi. amasimu azungeze ke. Ngakho, ngo-ukuqedwa icala wabe zonke ugesi zanqwabelana amapuleti, uqala zidlulele circuit.

capacitor Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini voltage wazikala eliphezulu ukusebenza kwawo. Uma eside ukusizakala lesici zinamandla ephakeme ukwedlula okuzisholo, kwempilo ancipha kakhulu. I capacitor kwe-circuit oscillatory njalo ehlaselwe imisinga ngakhoke uma akhethiwe kufanele niqaphele kakhulu.

Ngaphezu capacitors ezivamile okuxoxwe ngazo, kukhona kagesi double ungqimba capacitors. Lena isici eziyinkimbinkimbi: ke lingachazwa ngokuthi isiphambano phakathi kwebhetri futhi capacitor. Ngokuvamile, Kwe-dielectric Heating e kagesi double ungqimba capacitors kukhona izinto eziningi eziphilayo, phakathi okuyinto electrolyte. Ngokubambisana ukudala isendlalelo kagesi double, okuvumela ukuba buthelela lo mklamo ngesikhathi namandla izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka capacitor ezivamile.

Uyini umthamo we capacitor?

Capacitance we capacitor iyona ratio icala capacitor ukuba zinamandla lapho itholakala. Bala lokhu value kungaba elula kakhulu ngosizo ifomula zezibalo:

• C = (e ₀ * S) / d, lapho
  e ₀ - njalo Kwe-dielectric Heating we indaba Kwe-dielectric Heating (inani tabular)
  S - endaweni amapuleti capacitor,
  d - ibanga phakathi amapuleti.

Ukwencika capacitance we capacitor ibanga phakathi electrode alichaza lo mkhuba lokungeniswa electrostatic ingaphansi ibanga phakathi amapuleti, yilapho bezibona khona kuthinte amanye (coulomb) ngamunye, aba maningi electrode mali futhi ukucindezeleka kuyancipha. Futhi lapho ukubaluleka voltage besikhundla inyuka, ngoba kungabuye esachazwa fomula elandelayo:

• C = q / U, lapho
  q - icala coulombs.

Kuyinto ukukhuluma mayelana amayunithi angakahleleki lokhu ubuningi. Capacitance ulinganiswa farads. 1 Farad - Inani ngokwanele ezinkulu, ngakho capacitors ekhona (hhayi supercapacitors) abe capacitance ulinganiswa picofarads (owodwa trillionth Farad).

Resistor

Lamanje phezu kwengungu resonant futhi kuncike ukumelana circuit. Futhi ngaphandle izakhi ezimbili echazwe akha i wesifunda oscillating (ikhoyili, capacitor), kukhona eyesithathu - a Resistor. Yena unesibopho ngokudala hola. Resistor ihlukile kwezinye izakhi ukuthi unesikhathi ukumelana, okungase nhlobonhlobo kwezinye tinkhulumo. Isifunda resonant ke yenza umsebenzi ukulawula amandla kazibuthe. Kungenzeka ukuxhuma resistors eziningana ochungechungeni noma parallel, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ukumelana circuit.

I ukumelana kwalesi sakhi futhi incike lokushisa, ngakho kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze umsebenzi wayo wesifunda, njengoba ukufuthelana phakathi ukudlula zamanje.

I ukumelana ulinganiswa ohms nokubaluleka kwalo ingabalwa kusetshenziswa indlela:

• R = (p * l) / S, lapho
  p - impahla resistivity Resistor (silinganiswa ngema (Ohm * mm ²⁾ / m);
  l - ubude resistors (ngamamitha);
  S - endaweni Sectional (ngamamilimitha sikwele).

Indlela tie imingcele iluphu?

Manje siye isondela kakhulu physics wokusebenza kwe-circuit oscillatory. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi icala ubeke amapuleti capacitor eshintsha ngokuvumelana lesibili ukuze umehluko equation.

Uma ukuxazulula le equation, usikisela amanye amafomula ezithakazelisayo echaza izinqubo ezenzeka circuit. Ngokwesibonelo, imvamisa eyindilinga ungaboniswa ngokuya capacitance futhi inductance.

Nokho, ifomula kakhulu elula evumela ukuthi ukubala angaziwa eminingi - Thomson kwesibalo (yaqanjwa physics British uWilliam Thomson, obizwa ngubani bemletha 1853):

• T = 2 * f * (L * C) ^1/2.
  T - phakathi oscillations kagesi,
  L C - ngokufanele, lo inductance we oscillating wesifunda ikhoyili isici capacitance wesifunda,
  n - lo pi inombolo.

izinga isici

Kunenye ubuningi ebalulekile esibonisa ukunquma nentaba umsebenzi - izinga isici. Ukuze siyiqonde ukuthi iyini, kufanele ubheke le nqubo njengoba resonance. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa, lapho amplitude iba namandla esiphezulu kunani njalo, okuyinto ukwesekwa jika. Resonance bangachazela nge isibonelo esilula: uma uqala ibenze jika ku isigqi imvamisa yabo, itawunonophiswa, futhi "amplitude" yabo yande. Kodwa uma ungenayo ibenze beat, bayoba ukubambezela. Ngezinye resonance, ngokuvamile dissipates amandla amaningi. Ukuze bakwazi ukubala inani ukulahlekelwa, thina yasungulwa ipharamitha ezifana isici izinga. Kuyinto Coefficient ilingane ratio amandla, etholakala uhlelo, ukulahlekelwa okwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa umjikelezo kulesi sifunda.

izinga wesifunda isici ibalwa ngokuvumelana ifomula:

• Q = (w ₀ * W) / P, lapho
  w ₀ - resonance imvamisa emincane ye oscillations;
  W - amandla egcinwe ohlelweni isixwayisi;
  P - amandla ukushabalalisa.

Lokhu ipharamitha - dimensionless kusukela empeleni kubonisa amandla isilinganiso: elondolozwe ngoba wachitha.

Uyini ekahle wesifunda oscillating

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono izinqubo ohlelweni physics necebo okubizwa ngokuthi ekahle wesifunda oscillating. Lena imodeli zezibalo emelela wesifunda njengoba uhlelo ngeqanda ukumelana. Kuyo kukhona undamped oscillations harmonic. Le modeli ivumela ukuthola cishe ifomula ukubala wesifunda nemingcele. Enye yalezi nemingcele - amandla Imininingwane:

• W = (L * mina ²⁾ / 2.

yokuncishiswa okunjalo kakhulu ukusheshisa izibalo bese uvumele ukuhlola wesifunda izici ezinezici esethiwe.

Isebenza kanjani?

Zonke oscillating wesifunda yokusebenza umjikelezo kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Manje sizobona kahle izinqubo ezenzeka njalo ingxenye.

• Eyokuqala isigaba ipuleti capacitor, icala omuhle, iqala ukuba zichithe, ekunikeleni samanje wesifunda. Kuleli qophelo, lamanje isuka omuhle icala negative, ngenkathi bedlula kwekhoyili. Ngenxa yalokho, kunyakaza kagesi zenzeka esifundeni. Ukudlula yamanje ngokusebenzisa ikhoyili, ihamba ipuleti yesibili futhi lisola efanele (kanti electrode kuqala, okuyinto wamanje ahamba, omubi icala).
• Isigaba sesibili isifika inqubo ngqo okuphambene. Lamanje Idlula ipuleti omuhle (okuyinto ekuqaleni kwaba negative) ukuba omubi, wedlula futhi ngokusebenzisa kwekhoyili. Futhi wonke amacala awela indawo.

Umjikelezo iyaphindwa njengoba nje capacitor ikhokhiswe. Esimeni wesifunda ekahle resonant le nqubo akupheli, futhi ngempela ngamandla ukulahlekelwa akunakugwenywa ngenxa izici ezihlukahlukene: Ukushisa okwenzeka ngenxa khona ukumelana yesifunda (ukushisa Joule), nokunye okunjalo.

Embodiments design wesifunda

Ngaphezu izifunda elula "ikhoyili-capacitor" futhi "ikhoyili-Resistor-capacitor", zikhona ezinye izinketho, usebenzisa njengendlela wesifunda isisekelo oscillation. Lokhu isibonelo, (kuxoxwa ngoba njengoba ikhona kuphela, kuyoba wesifunda uchungechunge futhi eliye esihlokweni), isifunda parallel esibonakala ngalolo kukhona wesifunda isici.

Kukhona futhi ezinye izinhlobo ukwakhiwa, kuhlanganise izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zikagesi. Ngokwesibonelo, kungenzeka ukuxhuma kwi-Transistor inethiwekhi okuzokwenza Ukuvula nokuvala wesifunda imvamisa ilingane imvamisa oscillation kwe-circuit. Ngakho, le ndlela ukufaka oscillations undamped.

Lapho umbonisi oscillation isetshenziswa?

Ajwayeleke kunawo wonke kithi ukusetshenziswa izingxenye circuit - ke electromagnets. Nazo ngokufanayo, asetshenziswa izinhlelo nge-intercom, izinjini, izinzwa, kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi ngaphansi ezivamile. Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza - oscillator. Empeleni, kuba ukusetshenziswa wesifunda ejwayelene kakhulu kithi: kuleli fomu, isetshenziswa ku-microwave ukudala amaza okuxhumana mobile futhi wireless ukudlulisa ulwazi noma ibanga. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi oscillations amagagasi kagesi kungenziwa okubhalwe ngendlela yokuthi kuzoba kungenzeka ukuba adlulisele ulwazi olude.

I-inductor ingasetshenziswa yona njengento ye-transformer: amakhoyili amabili anomumo ohlukile we-windings angadlulisela icala lawo ngokusebenzisa insimu ye-electromagnetic. Kodwa njengoba izici ze-solenoids zihlukile, izinkomba zamanje ezijikelezweni ezimbili lapho lezi zimboni ezixhunyiwe zizohluka. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuba uguqule i-current nge-voltage, uthi, ama-volts angu-220 kuya kwamanje we-volts angu-12.

Isiphetho

Sine imininingwane ngokungahambisani nomgomo wokusebenza wesifunda oscillatory kanye nezingxenye zawo ngayinye ngokwehlukana. Siye safunda ukuthi isifunda se-oscillatory yidivayisi eyenzelwe ukwakha amagagasi kagesi. Noma kunjalo, lezi ziyisisekelo kuphela sezinsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi zalezi zinto, ezibonakala zilula, izakhi. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nobuqili besifunda kanye nezingxenye zalo ezincwadini ezikhethekile.