Izinsimbi: izici jikelele izinsimbi kanye Alloys

Indaba yokuqala, okuyinto baye bafunda ukusebenzisa abantu izidingo zabo - itshe. Kodwa kamuva, lapho umuntu bezwa izakhiwo izinsimbi, itshe wathutha kude emuva. Lezi izinto futhi Alloys yayo isiye ebaluleke kakhulu kanye impahla main ezandleni zabantu. Kulawa, ekhiqizwa yasendlini izinto, amathuluzi, wakha izakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizobheka ukuthi kuyinto sensimbi, izici jikelele, properties kanye zokusebenza zibaluleke kangaka kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngemva nje ngaphandle Stone Age kwalandelwa lonke Umthala metal: ithusi, zethusi nezensimbi.

Izinsimbi: izici jikelele

What esihlanganisa wonke amalungu ala izinto ezilula? Yiqiniso, kuba isakhiwo crystal yabo eheleni: izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali izici isakhiwo electronic ye-athomu. Phela, kungakho izakhiwo isici zemvelo ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwalezi izinto umuntu.

Okokuqala, cabanga ngelithi izinsimbi izakhi zamakhemikhali kohlelo gqwa. Ngo wakhe ukuthi akuphi ngokukhululekile ngempela, bangazihluphi amaseli 95 okwaziwayo namuhla 115. Kukhona izici eziningana indawo yabo ohlelweni jikelele:

• Akha subgroups main mina namaqembu II, kanye III, kusukela aluminium.
• Zonke subgroups enqabayo aqukethe kuphela izinsimbi.
• Basuke elise ngezansi idayagonali esinikelweko kusukela boron ukuze astatine.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, kulula ukulandela, ukuthi non-izinsimbi ziqoqwa engxenyeni engenhla kwesokudla uhlelo, futhi lonke isikhala ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa lingelethu izakhi.

Bonke babe izici eziningana isakhiwo electronic athomu:

• Esikhulu engaba athomu, lapho uxhumano electron zangaphandle nucleus buthaka, ngakho-ke, kulula ukunikeza izinsimbi, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi ekunciphiseni ejenti.
• Inani elincane electron olwelwesini amandla.
• Esikhathini iqembu phezulu izakhiwo metallic izakhi zithuthukiswa, futhi isikhathi kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla, ngokuphambene, buthaka. Ngakho, enamandla kunazo ze-non-metal - kuyinto sasekhaya nababuthaka - France.

izici Jikelele izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi lembula amaphethini isakhiwo sabo. Ngakho, wathi eheleni crystal wokuqala - steel, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile. Ngo ISIZINDA kwakhona izinhlobo eziningana izinhlayiya:

• ion;
• Ama-athomu omoya;
• electron.

Ngaphakathi anqwabelene Imininingwane ifu okuthiwa electron igesi, echaza zonke izakhiwo ngokomzimba yalezi izinto. insimbi chemical isibopho uhlobo igama elifanayo nabo.

izakhiwo

Kunezindlela eziningana nemingcele elihlanganiswa zonke izinsimbi. izici Jikelele izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama kanje.

• ayebuthaka metallic. Lakhe kukhona wonke amalungu aleli qembu elithi izinto. Ingxenye enkulu ibonisa ukukhanya inamandla olulodwa, ngakho-ke, likhipha umbala ezithambile ezimhlophe nezesiliva. Kodwa abanye (igolide, ithusi Alloys eziningi) kukhanya ophuzi tinge.
• Malleability futhi ductility. Lokhu kukhetha futhi esivela izinsimbi. izici ajwayelekile trait inikezwe Nokho, akuyona olunembile ngokuphelele, njengoba kukhona phakathi soft kakhulu, oluthambile futhi ductile, futhi kukhona ziyaqothuka, machining. I oluthambile kakhulu futhi ductile - igolide, isiliva, ithusi, aluminium nabanye. Ngaphansi pliable - ithini nomthofu kuphela, manganese nabanye.
• conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo. abameleli balo wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Izinsimbi kukhona babashayeli mina uhlobo.
• I okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuncibilika ukubila amaphuzu. Ngokusho lesi sici bahlanganyela refractory (lokushisa ngenhla 1500 degrees) fusible - ngezansi lesi sibalo.
• Ukukhanya izinsimbi ezisindayo kuye kwabantu babo. Kuyinto ezincane, ezincane atomic weight timphawu. The elula - kuyinto lithium futhi esindayo - osmium.
• Ukuqina. Kwerekhodi le nkomba, i-chrome, kuyilapho ezithambile - Cs, lincibilike ezandleni zakho.

Lezi nemingcele - lokhu kuwuphawu jikelele izinsimbi, okungukuthi zonke ukuthi bamunye singumndeni omkhulu. Nokho, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi zonke umthetho zikhona ezehlukile. Ikakhulukazi ukuthi izakhi zaloluhlobo amaningi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwamalungu omndeni futhi ube amayunithi labo ngemacembu ezahlukene, okuzoxoxwa engezansi, bese okuyiwona siyasho izici isici.

chemical izakhiwo

Kusukela umbono wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, zonke izinsimbi - is ukunciphisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uqine kakhulu. I kancane electron ezingeni yangaphandle, engaba enkulu yama-athomu, ukuya ngokuqina metal ngesikhathi olucacisile.

Ngenxa yalokho, insimbi kungaba asabela nge:

• non-izinsimbi;
• amanzi;
• acid;
• nge alkalis (metal amphoteric);
• oxides;
• zensimbi ka buthaka.

Lona nje ekuhlaziyeni nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Ngemva iqembu izakhi ngalinye ngabanye kakhulu.

ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi

izici Jikelele izinsimbi ane-alikhali-umhlaba ngendlela elandelayo:

• Ingabe ngaphandle electron ezimbili.
• Akha licembu le iqeqebana eyinhloko uhlelo gqwa yesibili, okuhlukile kuyinto beryllium.
• Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile - lena into okuqinile, hhayi ummese ahlabayo.
• Umbala elula esiliva metal grey, emoyeni embozwe i ifilimu oxide.
• reactivity yabo okusezingeni eliphezulu luyanda magnesium ukuba Radium.
• Emvelweni kwandile, ikakhulukazi i-calcium. Ngendlela elula ayenzeki ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu, kodwa akha sebuningini ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile amalunga omzimba womuntu.
• Ingabe kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuya begazi. I-calcium, magnesium - ezibalulekile trace izakhi zomzimba wabantu nezilwane. Magnesium kubuye ingxenye chlorophyll isitshalo.

Ngakho, ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi - kuyinto izakhi ezivamile s-umndeni, bembonisa reactivity okusezingeni eliphezulu namanxusa eqinile ekunciphiseni futhi abadlali ebalulekile izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo emzimbeni.

izinsimbi alikhali

izici Jikelele kwensimbi alikhali iqala ukuba amagama abo. bona akhe ayengena ikhono lazo ukuncibilikisa emanzini, ukwakha alikhali - hydroxides caustic. Ukusabela ngamanzi kuyinto ezinzima kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi yisihlungu. In the state khulula ngokwemvelo, lezi izinto engatholakali, ngoba reactivity yabo liphezulu kakhulu. Indlela abasabela ngayo emoyeni, umhwamuko, okungezona izinsimbi, acid, oxides nosawoti, isb cishe zonke.

Lokhu kungenxa isakhiwo kuma-computer. On ezingeni zangaphandle, elektroni elilodwa ukuthi kulula ukuba ngiphane ngakho. Lona ejenti esiqine ekunciphiseni, yingakho ukuzithola ngefomu okumsulwa kwathatha impela isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwaqala kwenziwa Gemfri Devi ekhulwini XVIII yi electrolysis sodium hydroxide. Manje wonke amalungu kuleli qembu akhishwa yilo ndlela.

izici Jikelele izinsimbi alikhali namanje e yokuthi akha iqembu lokuqala iqembu eyinhloko uhlelo gqwa. Bonke - izakhi ezibalulekile ezenza eziningi izinto zemvelo ezibalulekile esetshenziswa indoda.

izici Jikelele d- zensimbi f-imindeni

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa wonke lawo makhemikhali, okuyinto ziyahlukahluka degree of namachibi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuye ngokuthi izimo, insimbi ingaba njengesihluthulelo i oxidant, kanye ejenti ukunciphisa. izakhi okunjalo ikhono elikhulu benzenjani. Phakathi kwabo, inani elikhulu izinto amphoteric.

Yigama elivamile zonke lezi ama-athomu - izakhi inguquko. Bafika naye leyo umbukiso izakhiwo ngempela, kunjengokungathi phakathi, phakathi metal ejwayelekile s-umndeni kanye wesifunda non-umndeni.

izici Jikelele sokushintshela izinsimbi siqondwa selisho izakhiwo efanayo. Amanye awo yilawa:

• inombolo enkulu electron ezingeni angaphandle;
• engaba amakhulu e-athomu;
• degrees eziningana namachibi (+3 ukuba +7);
• Valence electron ezisebusweni d- noma f-sublayer;
• 4-6 akha nezikhathi enkulu ohlelweni.

Njengoba elula izidakamizwa izinsimbi kuleli qembu okuhlala kakhulu, oluthambile futhi ductile, ngakho zisho okuthile okubalulekile ezimbonini.

sub-iqembu Side kohlelo gqwa

izici Jikelele metal ohlangothini-subgroups kuyinto nsé nalezo ushintsho. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba, eqinisweni, kuba impela okufanayo. Vele kwakhiwa iqeqebana ohlangothini Uhlelo abameleli d- futhi f-imikhaya, okungukuthi, insimbi inguquko. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi imiqondo le - omqondofana.

I amaningi asebenzayo futhi ezibalulekile abathandekayo - ochungechungeni lokuqala abameleli 10 kusukela scandium ukuze ukhethe. Bonke babe ukubaluleka okukhulu zezimboni, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ngumuntu, ikakhulukazi yokuncibilikisa.

Alloys

izici Jikelele izinsimbi kanye Alloys kusenza siqonde lapho kungenzeka lezi zinto nokuthi. compounds okunjalo kula mashumi eminyaka amuva nezabo. ukuguqulwa okukhulu, ngoba ovulekile futhi kuhlelwe umqondo izithasiselo entsha ukuze bathuthukise izinga lokuphila kwabo.

I Alloys waziwa kangcono namuhla:

• zethusi;
• duralumin;
• inkatho yensimbi;
• steel;
• zethusi;
• uwine;
• Nichrome, nabanye.

Kuyini Fusion? Le nhlanganisela metal etholwe esithandweni sokuncibilikisa amadivayisi ekhethekile yokugcina. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze uthole umkhiqizo bebakhulu izakhiwo izinto okumsulwa, ugesi walo.

Ukuqhathaniswa izakhiwo izinsimbi kanye nonmetals

Uma sikhuluma izakhiwo jikelele, incazelo izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi iyokwehluka iphuzu elilodwa kubalulekile kakhulu, ngokuba yokugcina awukwazi ukubona ukufana, njengoba sihluke kakhulu ezakhiweni ezaboniswa ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali.

Ngakho-ke, ukudala impendulo esinjalo singeze sibe non-izinsimbi. Singagcina ngokubu- cabanga eceleni abamele iqembu ngalinye uphinde uchaze izakhiwo zabo.