Omunye ucwaningo angajwayelekile: inkawu ikhanda ukufakelwa

Kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, izinto eziningi kwezokwelapha, kwakukhona okokuqala, kuhlanganise ukufakelwa kwezitho. Manje esikhundleni inhliziyo, isibindi noma wamaphaphu kuyinqubo SOMBHALO ajwayelekile. Kodwa kungenzeka kabusha alingana nekhanda lomuntu? Ososayensi bathi lokhu kwenziwa akakude, ngoba ngisho zitshala ikhanda inkawu - Wadlulela esiteji. Lapho futhi lokho kwenzeka kanjani? Kanjani ucwaningo lokuqala kule ndawo?

ikhanda ukufakelwa nobunzima

Zonke izinhlelo umzimba kuhlobene. Njalo cell umzimba futhi ingafaniswa lesihlanu namagiya ezisebenza wonke indlela. Ubuchopho main ukhonza lesi sakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuyinto emnyombweni ukuphathwa, obangela imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu nezinqubo ezifana umcabango, bezibona, ukuphendula nokunye. D.

Brain elise kogebhezi emgogodleni - endaweni backbone. Ubuhlobo babo usinikeza ukuhamba, isekela umsebenzi emizimbeni, okuhambisa emsipheni amaza. ukwephulwa kwalo kuholela ekuhlulekeni yezingalo nemilenze, ukukhubazeka. Ukufakelwa ikhanda ongaxazulula izinkinga eziningi abantu izifo ezingelapheki yofuzo noma ukulimala. Kodwa uma kungenzeka?

Okwamanje, odokotela baye bafunda thunga imithambo yegazi, nemisipha, amathambo obumbene, kodwa yinkimbinkimbi kuyinto imizwa splicing. Besenkolweni amakhulu izinqubo kanye imishayo, ngamunye okuyinto unomthwalo iqembu zabo nokuqinisekisa. Uma uxhuma bonke "Izintambo zikagesi ezisobala" olungafanele amasignali ubuchopho izotholwa ezingxenyeni okungalungile zomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi utshalwe umzimba ukubamba ikhanda njengoba nomzimba angaphandle futhi uzozama likhiphe.

Imizamo yokuqala

Ukuze enze operation sina futhi onzima enjalo idinga amasu enembile kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, umqondo ukufakelwa yenzeka khona esikhathini eside esidlule. Ekuqaleni ukufakelwa XX leminyaka amakhanda lezimfene, amagundane kanye izinja zazenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngokokuqala ngqá nganquma ukuba ulinge American Charles Klod Gatri.

Izifundo for ukuhlola wakhetha izinja. Ukusebenza okwenzeka ngo-May 1908, futhi imiphumela yayo yashicilelwa encwadini usosayensi. Ukuze Guthrie experiment anqunywe ikhanda isilwane esisodwa kuphela, thunga ikhanda lakhe emzimbeni wonke inja.

Ngakho usosayensi wadala "silo ezimbili nangqondo." Lokuqala Inqubo kazithathanga ezingaphezu kuka imizuzu amabili. ikhanda ithungwe isebangeni emhlathini phezulu. Ukusakazwa waqala emzimbeni, badabula ikhanda enamathiselwe, bese yabuya ekhanda wonke inja. Isilwane uvele ukunyakaza emakhaleni, ulimi, imakwe ukusikwa balezi zingane, kodwa ngokushesha ke wafa.

ucwaningo Demikhova

Ngo-50-yalolucwaningo zokuhlolwa efanayo wathwalwa yizingelosi uVladimir Demihov. Eyokuqala emhlabeni, yena utshalwe isibindi, iphaphu, wadala inhliziyo yokufakelwa. Ngo-1954 kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba inhloko. Ukuze wonke umzimba izinja omdala usosayensi ijoyina imidlwane.

Puppies kwesokunxele, futhi forelimbs. Animal euthanized izinzwa, usike esifubeni kukhishwe iphaphu futhi inhliziyo. Khona-ke sutured engxenyeni enempilo yenja umdlwane, yokuxhuma imithambo yegazi.

Ososayensi baye benza 20 imigomo ukufakelwa imisebenzi. abahlolwayo wakhe waphila ngokuvumelana ngesonto, futhi umbhangqwana wakwazi ayeyiphathele ngenyanga. Ngokungafani Garty ucwaningo abe Demikhova inja abaphi silondoloze imisebenzi ebalulekile. Wayebona uphuze amanzi, basabela abanye ngisho iluma "umakhelwane" yakhe, uma okuthile unganelisekile.

Monkey ikhanda ukufakelwa

Demikhova impumelelo Amazing ephefumulelwe ongoti abaningi. Uyise ngelika ukufakelwa, futhi umsebenzi wakhe baziwa kakhulu phesheya. Wathwalwa yizingelosi ohlinza izinzwa zabo American Robert Uayt. Ngo-1970, ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, kube khona ukusebenza ukufakela inkawu ikhanda.

Ukuze ukuhlola, sikhetha isilwane, efana isisindo Imizimba. umzimba inkawu ngemva ukufakelwa abahambanga, kodwa izinzwa abasebenza kahle. Yena waqonda iphunga, imisindo, futhi wayebona lapho. Ukuvuka, inkawu esebhavumula futhi wazama ukuluma. Lapho uqala nje ukubona, inkawu ikhanda ukufakelwa kuphumelele.

Ngokushesha izivikeli mzimba Baqala ukulahla ikhanda lakhe. Animal yayithatha izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela. White baqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe ethemba ukushintshela ukusebenza nabantu. Uma uphumelele, kwakungase babe physics nesineke Stiven Hoking futhi umlingisi Kristofer Riv. Umphakathi akayithandanga umbono zokuhlolwa ku abantu.

ngcono inqubo

Baton nge ukudluliselwa abamba kuphela ngo-2002, kancane kokushintsha imisebenzi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ucwaningo zakhiwa ukutadisha ukufakelwa ngokomthetho. Ososayensi, kwakubalulekile ukuba avivinye ukuthi kungenzeka ukuxhuma ikhanda okungenani yomunye ukuze isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi.

Nokho, manje, kwaba khona omunye umgomo phambi kwabo - isimiso sezinzwa. Kwakudingekile hhayi kuphela uxhume ikhanda, kodwa futhi ukwenza kube ukusebenzisa umzimba omusha. Isixazululo wathatha Japanese. Ukuvimbela ukufa okusheshayo kwalapho nokulondoloza motor umsebenzi izilwane, selehlile ikhanda kanye test umzimba.

Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa emagundaneni. Bamnquma ikhanda, abicah tube uxhuma ekhanda nasemzimbeni izitsha, wabe impumuzo. Ubuhlobo obuseduze Imicu yotshani uya ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu, usebenzisa i-polymer of ethylene glycol. Khona-ke bese zihlanganiswa emgogodleni amapuleti sutured nezicubu kwemisipha. Izilwane bakwazi ukuhambisa nemilenze, kodwa akazange aphile isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlolwa abantu

Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, ubuchwepheshe esetshenziselwa ukuhlola nge wezinkawu. Ngaphansi kobuholi ohlinza izinzwa Chinese Xiaoping Ren wathatha omunye inkawu ikhanda ukufakelwa. Ngaphambi kwalokho, izinga lokushisa kwakhe uphonse ukuze uphawu degrees 15. izicubu Nervous sesilwane ngokuphelele ezilimele, ososayensi bayakwazi nethemba elisha.

Waveza ukuhlonishwa amaShayina Sergio Kanavero. Ngo-2013, wamemezela obala ukuthi uyakukwenza eyohlinzwa ezinjalo, kodwana umuntu. Italian eqiniseka ukuthi isipiliyoni yamuva ne monkey waqinisekisa ukulungela imithi ukuze isinyathelo esibaluleke kangaka.

Yiqiniso, lokhu kudinga ukulungiselela eside. Inqubo kukodwa ukusebenza idinga ngcono kanye umkhuba. Ngemva impumelelo amagundane yayingacacile kahle. Eziningi zalezi "iziguli" lokuqala ngihlalé okhubazekile, kanti abanye sifo iyafa ngokushesha.

Zitshala uMklami ikhanda

Manje ososayensi zimatasa ngifuna abaxhasi futhi amaqembu. Ukusebenza kuhlelelwe Disemba 2017. Sergio Kanavero uthi kuzothatha cishe 36 amahora. Uzodinga odokotela abahlinzayo ikhulu namashumi abayizigidi ezingu-12 zamaRandi.

Zinikele for ukusebenza useke watholakala. Kuyoba Russian Valery Spiridonov - Unicode kusuka edolobheni laseVladimir. Insizwa ukuhlupheka umgogodla yoma kwemisipha. Kuyinto isifo esidluliselwa ngofuzo, okuyinto kuphazamisa umsebenzi umlenze imisipha, ikhanda nentamo.

Valery Spiridonov njalo liaises nge ososayensi, ukuxoxa imininingwane ukusebenza kanye nenqubekela phambili lo msebenzi. ingozi yakho uyazazi, kodwa okholwa impumelelo ukuhlola yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba. Nge ekuxilonga abantu baphile kancane kakhulu, kodwa Valery ephethwe ukuphila kuya ku-30, aphothula esikoleni futhi inyuvesi ukuthola umsebenzi, mhlawumbe, isinyathelo esilandelayo kuzoholela impumelelo.

Lokulalela kanye Nokuziphatha abagxeki

Elilinganiswayo Shona ukufakelwa 2017 kwasusa aphendule ngamazwi aqatha emphakathini. Abaphikisi lo mbono zahlukaniswa amakamu amabili ayinhloko. Okokuqala engakuphazamisi ohlangothini lokumukelekako daba, abanye uqiniseka ukwenza lesi senzo, ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka.

Abamele izinkolo ezihlukahlukene abakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlinzwa kuyinto ukubangisana noNkulunkulu. Izenzo ezinjalo kungaba ngokuphepha kubhekwe ekwakheni umzimba omusha, njengoba lena akubona uMdali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo kubhekwa nemvelo. Kuyinto ngokuphambene nomthetho yemvelo futhi kuphazamisa uhlelo okukhulu.

Abagxeki umane eqiniseka ukuthi isintu ongakabi ukuvuthwa. Abaningi musa ukuphika ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenza anjalo esikhathini esizayo esikude, + kodwa hhayi manje. I-agumenti esiyinhloko engangabazi ukuthuthukiswa enganele ubuchwepheshe, kanye eziningi izinkinga ezingokwengqondo isiguli uma kwenzeka impumelelo ekuhlolweni.