Okuvunjululwe enkulu yekhulu lama-20. kwinto yami enhle kakhulu

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili uye ishintsha izimpilo zabantu. Yiqiniso, ukuthuthukiswa lesintu asikaze siyeke, futhi kuzo zonke ekhulwini kwakukhona okusungulile ezibalulekile zesayensi, kodwa ushintsho wamavukelambuso ngempela, ngisho e isikali sina, livelile akunjalo kudala. Yini okutholakele kwekhulu lamashumi amabili aye izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu?

zezindiza

Bazalwane-Orville futhi Uilbur Rayt wangena umlando lwesintu njengoba Umshayeli wendiza wokuqala. Okokugcina okwatholwa enkulu yekhulu lama-20 - entsha yokuhamba. Orville Wright ngakwazi ukwenza indiza elawulwa 1903. Le ndiza, lakhiwa, yena nomfowabo, wahlala emoyeni imizuzwana engu-12 kuphela, kodwa kwaba intuthuko yangempela ngoba zezindiza ngaleso sikhathi. indiza usuku kubhekwa usuku lokuzalwa kule modi kwezithuthi. Bratya Rayt kuqala ukwakha uhlelo ukuthi ngabe ukusonta iphiko console izintambo, okukuvumela ukulawula imoto. Ngo-1901 emgudwini womoya yadalwa. Bona yasungulwa futhi bendiza. Kakade ngawo-1904, izwe wabona umfuziselo entsha izindiza, eziphambili kakhulu futhi uyakwazi hhayi kuphela flying, kodwa futhi ukuze enze aqondisa. Ngo-1905 kwaba khona ukhetho lwesithathu, okungase ukuhlala emoyeni imizuzu engaba ngamashumi amathathu. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, abazalwane usayine isivumelwano ne-US Army, futhi kamuva wathenga izindiza kanye French. Abaningi baqala ukucabanga mayelana ukuthutha abagibeli, kanye Wrights wenza izichibiyelo ezidingekayo ukuze imodeli yayo ngokufaka i esihlalweni eyengeziwe futhi wenze injini namandla kakhulu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwavula amathuba amasha ngokuphelele esintwini.

-X-ray

Thanda bathole okuningi kakhulu ekhulwini lama-20, kwathiwa ngokwengxenye kwenziwe emuva le-19, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi abantu abakwazanga aphumelele ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, X-ray wokuqala esetshenziswa 1885. Khona-ke Wilhelm Roentgen wathola ukuthi amapuleti enezithombe kwasontwa ngaphansi sici bohlu, futhi ingatholakala ezithela kakhulu ngokuzishisa ngemisebe yesithombe skeleton of the umzimba. Noma kunjalo, le ndoda kwakudingeka basebenze iminyaka engu-15 esifundweni lezitho nezicubu sebekwazi. Yingakho igama "X-ray" ukuxhuma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: ke esake akwaziwa umphakathi. Ngo-1919, ukwenza inqubo enjalo isivele usetshenziswe izibhedlela eziningi. Ukubukeka ze-X ray ushintshe ukuthuthukiswa imithi: lalibukeka igatsha elisha ukuhlola nokuhlaziya. Kuze kube manje, idivayisi kuye kwasindisa izigidi zabantu. Ngakho lapho basho ososayensi oluvelele, kufanele nakanjani ukubiza futhi Wilhelm Roentgen.

TV

ezisunguliwe kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe baguqula ukuphila kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Enye intuthuko ukhiye bekulokhu ukuvela indlela entsha zidlulisela ukwaziswa - TV. Ngo-1907, yena lobunikazi se-physics Russian Boris Rosing. Wasebenzisa salokhu tube cathode-ray. Ukuguqula amasignali photocell isicelo. Ngo-1912, yena elicwengisiswe wakhe wokusungula, futhi ngo-1931 kwase kuqala ezihlongozwayo indlela yezokusakaza ngombala. Kusukela ngo-1939 waqala ezisebenza isiteshi kuqala. Ngo-1944, i-ithelevishini ejwayelekile yesimanje yadalwa. Mhlawumbe ezinye okutholwe ososayensi kwekhulu lama-20 babe elibaluleke kakhulu ngokuya yesayensi, kodwa awukwazi uphike umthelela izindaba ekuphileni kwabantu. TV useshintshe indlela yokuxhumana futhi uguqulwe bezibona abantu emhlabeni.

umakhalekhukhwini

Manje bekuyoba njani ukuphila ngaphandle smartphone kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Nokho, ayebonakala ngempela muva nje. okusungulile Scientific kuvumela abantu ukuthi baxhumane ngocingo kodwa engenantambo yasungulwa kuphela ngo-1973. Martin Cooper, umdali kwengqamuzana, wakwazi ukubiza ehhovisi emigwaqweni Manhattan. Eminyakeni eyishumi, omakhalekhukhwini babé kufinyeleleke anhlobonhlobo abathengi. Okokuqala Motorola kubiza cishe izinkulungwane ezine zamadola, kodwa liveza umqondo uhlabeke umxhwele amaMelika ukuthi abantu zalotshwa emgqeni ukuthenga. Futhi smartphone idivayisi yesimanje like kancane: tube kwaba nje omkhulu, enesisindo cishe amakhilogremu, kodwa isibalo kuphela ushaye kungabonwa ku isibonisi amancane. Shaja ngokwanele ukukhuluma isigamu sehora. Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho abe eseqala ekukhiqizweni onobuhle ahlukahlukene, futhi isizukulwane salabo bantu; elinde wonke amafoni, ezintsha kanye ethakazelisayo ngamunye. Kuze kube manje, idivayisi kancane kakhulu inezinto ikhompyutha miniature kunothile izici, okuyinto ngo-1973 akuzange ngisho mayelana Abadali Motorola cell.

Inthanethi

Akubona bonke okwatholwa kwekhulu elidlule, esetshenziswa abantu nsuku zonke. Kodwa Ukusungulwa kwe-Internet uye ishintsha izimpilo ngisho nasezintweni ezincane, namuhla isetshenziswa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. It is a ithuluzi okuxhumana, imininingwane ukubuyiswa, ukushintshanisa kwe-data. Lokhu amandla jikelele yokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, sibhale okutholakele enkulu yekhulu lama-20, mayelana Inthanethi ngeke kulibaleke. Kukholakala ukuthi izinyathelo zokuqala kule isiqondiso senziwa nguDkt Liklider, owaqamba kwaholela US wezempi iphrojekthi exchange kolwazi. Ngakho inethiwekhi Arpanet yasungulwa ngosizo okuyinto ngo-1969 kwaba khona ukudluliswa kwedatha wase-University of Los Angeles Utah lab. Kwase kubekwe isisekelo, futhi ngo-1972 kwi-Inthanethi wethulwa emphakathini. Lo mbono-e-mail. Ukusungulwa kwe-Internet iye yaba bayaziwa kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi eminyakeni embalwa lalisetshenziswa izinkulungwane zabantu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, aphendukela eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili.

ikhompyutha

Okuvunjululwe enkulu yekhulu lama-20, bavame ukuziqhathanisa elihlobene ne intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Iyathinteka nekhompyutha. Uma siqonda ngezwi umshini izibalo, izinto ezifana ikhona kusukela ngekhulu lesikhombisa. Kodwa idivayisi ngomqondo wesimanje kuphela lamashumi amabili. ikhompyutha-analog, bakhula eMelika yasungulwa ngo-1927. Ngu nekhulu, kwakube nokusitheka isisetjenziswa se-elektroniki. It wadalwa umshini Mark mina - computer yokuqala yangempela. Ngemva kwale ntuthuko sesihambe ibanga ijubane irekhodi. isitoreji indlela sithathelwe indawo diskettes ngesibhakela, bese amadiski compact kanye ngemoto. Ushintshe i nezinhlelo izilimi. I-computer yokuqala wakhuphuka kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi algebraic, namadivayisi zanamuhla kudivayisi Amatebhe ukuthi kufanelekile ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi.

noodle osheshayo

Ebala imishikashika okwatholwa enkulu yekhulu lama-20, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi kubonakala efika kuqala trifle. noodle osheshayo - umkhiqizo yasendlini ajwayelekile, kodwa ukubonakala kwawo useshintshe isimo yokudla okunempilo ekhishini noma ukungabi endaweni yokusebenza futhi kwaba impumelelo enkulu. Lolu hlobo lwe-pasta yasungulwa Japanese Ando Momofuki. Ngemva kwempi, Japan ngiswele ukudla, nokudla okutholakala ngaphandle nobunzima kakhulu ekwenzeni ngokucacile ukuze alungise leso simo. Ngakho Ando wanquma ukuqala ufuna noodle ekhethekile. Wazama ngezindlela eziningi ukupheka, aze wabanjwa esingenamvubelo Batter, ekahle omiswe. Ngo-1958 waqala lo ukukhiqizwa noodle yayo, kodwa namuhla isetshenziswa njalo ngonyaka ukuze servings angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane-product efanayo nalena. Enye ukutholakala Ando Momofuki bekulokhu ukusetshenziswa izinkomishi ekhethekile plastic, okwakuyoholela ukudla okusheshayo ngaphandle izinto.

penicillin akuzange kusize

Ososayensi abaningi ovelele kwekhulu lama-20 ezihlobene sciences ngqo, kodwa futhi intuthuko sína kwezokwelapha. Kuyinto kuleli khulu leminyaka kwakukhona penicillin akuzange kusize, umuthi wasindisa ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu. Nguye owasungula ke eyiNgisi U-Alexander Fleming Ngo-1928 wathola umphumela amagciwane isikhunta. Ngokuthakazelisayo, okwatholwa enkulu yekhulu lama-20 ayikwazanga ubuyise obhekwe kwama-antibiotic. Zonke nozakwethu Fleming babekholelwa ukuthi into esemqoka - musa ulwa amagciwane, futhi uqinise amasosha omzimba. Imithi elwa namagciwane yabonakala iyinhle lutho futhi wahlala ambalwa engaphiwanga zeminyaka ngemva kokwakhiwa kwayo. Kuphela by 1943 th izidakamizwa baba esetshenziswa kabanzi e ezikhungweni zezempilo. Fleming akazange adikibale ekutadisheni amagciwane penicillin akuzange kusize nje ngcono, kodwa futhi wadala ngosizo akuthola imidwebo eziningana ngokudweba amagciwane esikhethekile.

obungangenhloko kakhanjana ngepeni

Ngokufunda ezisunguliwe kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, kungenzeka ukukhohlwa mayelana ngcono ezincane ekhaya ukuthi kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, bonke evamile obungangenhloko kakhanjana ngepeni uvele kuphela ngo-1943. Yasungulwa ke Laszlo Biro, ezaziphethe inqubo ukuphrinta iphephandaba futhi ngacabanga, kungani hhayi ukugcwalisa ithange ukusingatha okufanayo okusheshayo-omiswe inki? Bafanele obukhulu. Lokho abazange amaphuzu isibambo ukuvulwa, ibhola kumele ibekwe khona. Ngacabanga ngalokhu, Biro wadala prototype. Bethuthele e-Argentina, usethole umxhasi futhi yaqala ukunyathelisa likayinki izibaya. Abathengi lokuqala okwakukhona kulo pilot ongajabulela kubo, nokuphakama: ngepeni evamile wabe ngokungabi bikho ingcindezi. Ngo-1953, i-engumFulentshi Marsel Bik siguqulwe ukuma ipeni likayinki kungase kudale ongakhetha eshibhile ukuthi zitholakale ubani nokunqoba izwe.

umshini wokuwasha

Enye okusunguliwe, ukwenza ngcono indlela yokuphila, kuyasiza abantu abaningi bakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga izingubo ezingcolile. umshini wokuwasha uvele kuphela ngo-1947, esikhundleni laundresses ngesikhathi okuthunyelwe. Ukusungulwa lokuqala sekwenziwe emakethe US nezinkampani ezimbili - General Electric futhi Bendix Corporation. Imishini babe esinomsindo ungakhululekile, ukubaluleka kwadingeka obusebenzayo kuphela. Ukushintsha lesi simo, onjiniyela wanquma Whirlpool, okwadala inguqulo entsha umshini wokuwasha phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Wafihla ukunqwabelanisa plastic ukuthi yehlisa kakhulu umsindo womhlabathi, imodeli engenziwa ngemibala ehlukene, kanye nekhambi design jikelele baba eziningi nenhle ngaphezulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umshini wokuwasha selande laze laba ngempela into yobuhle. ESoviet Union idivayisi yokuqala enjalo ebonakala ngo-1975 futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "iVolga-10", kodwa impumelelo wayewukuphela "Vyatka-umshini-12", elaqala ukukhiqiza ngo-1981. imishini yesimanje kungenziwa umshini wokuphehla umsebenzi omiswe, zinezindlela ezahlukene ukulayisha, ukubonisa, imisiwe isiqalo timer, ngisho ukwazi ukuxhuma kwi-Inthanethi.