Perchloric acid - Properties, amaHlathi kanye isicelo. Okumele kuqashelwe

Perchloric acid (HClO4 ifomula) - kuyinto monobasic acid anhydrous. Iqukethe chlorine (Cl) esimweni namachibi ephakeme, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuba oxidizer eziqine. Evuthayo.

Izakhiwo perchloric acid

1. Lena ketshezi oluyingozi ngaphandle umbala, eziningi intuthu emoyeni, le monomer ngababili. Engazinzile mva kakhulu. Ukuze lokhu acid isici avtodegidratatsiya:

3HClO4 = H3O + (seka) + ClO- (anion) + Cl2O7 (chlorine monoxide)

2. Le into okubonakala kalula encibilikayo kumakhemikhali awuketshezi kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma kanye organofluorine ezifana CH2Cl2 (methylene chloride), CHCl3 (chloroform), kanye nabanye. Ixubene nezinye kumakhemikhali awuketshezi nemibukiso ekunciphiseni izakhiwo, handling abanganaki kungadala ukuqhuma noma umlilo.

3. Kuyinto kahle exutshwe namanzi (H2O) kunoma iyiphi enkulu. Amafomu hydrates eziningana. izixazululo kanzulu lokhu acid babe ukungaguquguquki kancane oily. Le isixazululo acid aqueous has ukuzinza omuhle, nasekukholweni okungazenzisiyo oxidizing ikhono ongaphakeme. Nge emanzini sisuke sicabanga izidakamizwa lwakha azeotrope okuyinto ezingeni lokushisa 203 degrees amathumba iqukethe angu-72 HClO4.

4. Perchloric acid (HClO4 ifomula) ingenye acid eziqine. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-imvelo yayo azibukhali ezinye compounds behave fana elisekela.

5. Ingcindezi encishisiwe nge mnene amalahle nenye perchloric acid ne wali band anhydride kwakhiwa kungekho nto enemibala emihle oily uketshezi - chlorine dioxide:

2HClO4 (perchloric acid) + P4O10 (wali band anhydride) = Cl2O7 (chlorine dioxide) + H2P4O11

Izindlela ukulungiswa

1. aqueous izixazululo lokhu ejenti ingalungiswa ngezindlela ezimbili. Esokuqala namachibi electrochemical chlorine noma hydrochloric acid e kanzulu hydrochloric acid, kanti eyesibili - in the noqhekeko double sodium perchlorate noma potassium acid wezinto eqinile.

2. anhydrous perchloric acid ingatholakala ngezindlela ezimbili, futhi. Eyokuqala liqukethe ukusabela potassium perchlorate (K) noma i-sodium (Na) ne-sulfuric acid e ifomu kanzulu, kanti eyesibili - in the nokuxhumana oleum nge isixazululo aqueous of perchloric acid:

KClO4 (isixazululo aqueous of perchloric acid) + H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) = KHSO4 (potassium hydrogensulfate) + HClO4 (perchloric acid)

Isicelo perchloric acid

- izixazululo kanzulu ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ukuthola perchlorates (nosawoti we acid), futhi ukwethembeka;

- perchloric acid isetshenziswa yokubola imikhando kulethe futhi ukuhlaziywa namaminerali;

- potassium perchlorate (Formula: KClO4), usawoti lokhu acid, esetshenziswa ukudala iziqhumane, kanye magnesium perchlorate (anhydrone, MG (ClO4) 2) isetshenziswa njengoba desiccant.

Ukuphepha emsebenzini

Perchloric acid, anhydrous akakwazi eside agcinwe futhi ithuthwe, njengoba ngezinye izimo ejwayelekile kuba ngokushesha ululazekile futhi angase kamuva angesabi qhumisa.

Okunye chlorine-aqukethe wezinto acid:

1. hydrochloric acid (Formula: HCl) - monobasic eqinile acid, insimbi, kabi emoyeni ketshezi. electroforming osetshenziswayo (pickling, etching) futhi hydrometallurgy, ukuze bahlanze izinsimbi ngesikhathi tinning futhi nokunamathisela ngomthofu, ukukhiqiza chloride manganese, zinc, nensimbi kanye nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. ketshezi embonini yezokudla ibhalisiwe njengoba E507 ukudla okufakiwe.

2. Hypochlorous acid (Formula: HClO) - enganamandla kakhulu monobasic acid. Kungaba kuphela khona izixazululo. Isetshenziselwe izinjongo sanitary kanye mhlophe Amatjhila uginindela.

3. chlorous acid (HClO2) - naphakathi eqinile monobasic acid. Ingabe engazinzile injalo khulula, ngokuvamile phansi ngokushesha isisombululo alulaze aqueous. I anhydride lokhu acid ayikaziwa.

4. chloric acid (HClO3) - monobasic eqinile acid. Hhayi etholwe ifomu mahhala, njengoba amakhefu e izixazululo kanzulu. Ngo izixazululo aqueous, lapho ekhona lokuhlushwa ngaphansana angu-30. ezinzile Abaningana impela ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi.