I metal ekhethekile nethambile emhlabeni

Izinsimbi - uhlobo izinto esetshenziswa indoda kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Leli qembu izinto baningi kakhulu, kodwa zonke ukwabelana ezijayelekileko ngokomzimba ababiziweyo metallic izakhiwo. Nobulukhuni kubo - ngokuvamile, kodwa hhayi belinganisa. Abanye acace kakhudlwana, futhi lapho kukhona metal ekhethekile nethambile. Lezi izindawo kunqunywa izici of isakhiwo zabo ezingeni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

izakhiwo izinsimbi

Insimbi Alloys yayo (steel, yensimbi inkatho), ithusi, aluminium, ... Ukusebenzisa lezi zinto imakwe jerks inqubekela-phambili yesayensi at zokukhula ezihlukene impucuko. Ngayinye yalezi izinsimbi sinezici ukuthi uyinike SIZUZISA esiyingqayizivele. izici ezivamile ngabo ziphezulu conductivity ezishisayo kukagesi, plasticity - ikhono alondoloze ubuqotho ukusonteka, ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo metallic.

Damask blade enquma nemvunulo yempi kukanye nani yensimbi, futhi iningi metal ezithambile lapho kukhona iminonjana umthelela kancane, ube efanayo izakhiwo yangaphakathi. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo - crystalline ngehele, lapho ISIZINDA - ama-athomu nge icala omuhle futhi singathathi hlangothi, phakathi lapho "igesi electronic" - izinhlayiya kwesokunxele amagobolondo yangaphandle zama-athomu ngenxa buthakathaka ngenxa ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Special metallic ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwabo ion omuhle elise eheleni crystal, wenziwa amabutho adonsela phansi, okuphumela "electron igesi". Ukuqina, ukuminyana, ukuncibilika metal lokushisa incike lokuhlushwa "Ukhona".

I lemisiwe

Impendulo yombuzo anjani metal uthambile kakhulu, kuyohlale kukhona ekhulunywe, uma singavumelani ngemigomo yekuhlola kanye nokuchaza umqondo wobumnene uqobo. Impendulo ngalokhu kwebalingisi of indaba kuyoba Ochwepheshe ezahlukene kwimisebenzi ehlukile. Metallurgist angase aqondwe njengokufaka ductility a umsungulo enkulu bavame ukubona ukusonteka of indaba olwalwenza, nokunye. D.

Ukuze izinto ososayensi kudingeka bakwazi elibanzi ukuqhathanisa izimfanelo ngezinto ezahlukene. Ukuthamba Kufanele futhi ezivamile kokuhlaziywa zindlela. I metal ekhethekile nethambile emhlabeni kwakufanele zibone izinkomba nihlola "irekhodi" ukusebenza kwakhe. Kukhona amasu athile Inhloso ulinganise umsungulo ngezinto ezahlukene.

izindlela zokulinganisa

Iningi izindlela zokulinganisa ubulukhuni eqinisekisiwe zisekelwe nesilinganiso ngobuciko amathuluzi contact ithonya phezu impahla test kusuka umzimba okuqinile, ebizwa ngokuthi indenter. Kuye uhlobo indenter futhi izindlela zokulinganisa izindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo:

- Brinell indlela. Ezimisele indentation ubukhulu ibhola metal ushiya indentation ku kobuso izidakamizwa test.

- Rockwell. Ayephila indentation ukujula kwamanzi idayimane ibhola noma Isigaxa.

- Vickers. Ezimisele ukuphrinta ndawo, ukushiya diamond mbhoshongo ezine emaceleni.

- Shore ubulukhuni. It has isikali yayo wempahla kanzima kakhulu futhi soft kakhulu - kulinganiswa ukucwiliswa ukujula inaliti ekhethekile noma ukuphakama Rebound ebusweni pin ekhethekile.

Mohs yemakhono ubulukhuni

Lokhu isikali sokunquma nobulukhuni isihlobo amaminerali nezinsimbi siphakamisiwe ekuqaleni we XIX leminyaka German Fridrihom Moosom. Kusekelwe indlela ukunwaya lapho isampula okuqinile eshiya uphawu ethambile, futhi elula kakhulu ukuthola - lokho metal iyona ekhethekile nethambile. Maqondana ne-amaminerali inkomba 10, okuyinto wabelwe isilinganiso okunemibandela ubulukhuni, ketshezi test wayezimisele ngezinga, futhi Inkomba zezinombolo. Isikhombo amaminerali ekhethekile nethambile - talc. It has a Mohs ubulukhuni - 1, kanye okuqinile kakhulu, idayimane - 10.

Ukuhlolwa ubulukhuni phezu Mohs isikali kwenzeka kwi "ethambile -. Kunzima" Ukuthi zingaki ngokuthe ngqó izikhathi, isib, aluminium kokuba Inkomba Mohs 2.75, i-tungsten ethambile (6.0) kokuba kuphela imiphumela nesilinganiso esekelwe ezinye izindlela. Kodwa ukucacisa metal ekhethekile nethambile ethebuleni zesikhathi etafuleni kwanele.

elithambile Iningi - izinsimbi alikhali

Kusukela mineralogical Mohs isikali lokho kuyinkomba yokuthi leyompahla ekhethekile nethambile kukhona izinto okuqondene izinsimbi alikhali. Ngisho mercury ijwayelekile abaningi ketshezi izinga lokushisa, inenani nobulukhuni 1.5. Ethambe izinto zalo eziningi kokuba efanayo physico-zamakhemikhali izakhiwo mechanical: lithium (0.6 Mohs 'esikalini), i-sodium (0.5), i-potassium (0.4), rubidium (0.3). Iningi metal ezithambile - kuyinto cesium, kokuba ubulukhuni phezu Mohs esikalini Inkomba 0.2.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali izinsimbi alikhali ichazwe ngu ukumisa yabo electron. Kuyinto kuphela sithi ukuhluka isakhiwo yamagesi inert. Electron ise yangaphandle amandla ezingeni has ukuhamba, okuyinto inquma okusezingeni eliphezulu umsebenzi zamakhemikhali. I izinsimbi ekhethekile nethambile libhekene simo esishubile ethile, zinzima ukukhiqiza kanye nokugcina zinjalo. Basuke izimpawu zamakhemikhali ukuphendula elinobudlova umoya, amanzi, umoya-mpilo.

Element 55 №

Igama elithi "Cs" livela caesius Latin - "esibhakabhakeni-blue" e bohlu wukukhanya izidakamizwa kushisa kakhulu kule lefoni libonisa imivimbo ezimbili bright blue. Njengoba injalo emsulwa ubonisa ezinhle ukukhanya, efana igolide egqamile kanye esiliva - yellow. Cesium - metal ezithambile emhlabeni, nobulukhuni Brinell Inkomba - 0.15 MN / ^m2 (0,015 kgf / cm ^2). Ukuma: + 28,5 ° C, ngakho ngaphansi kwezimo abavamile ekamelweni lokushisa cesium lisasesimweni semiliquid.

Akuvamile, eqolo futhi esisheshayo ukuxubana metal. Ngo-electronics, izimboni zobunjiniyela futhi amakhemikhali kagesi cesium ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi Alloys yayo akutholayo ukwanda kokusetshenziswa futhi ukufunwa zanda ngokuqhubekayo. Kudinga umsebenzi yawo yamakhemikhali, ikhono ukwakha kwakwakhe ne conductivity eliphakeme. Cesium - eqakathekileko ukwenziwa mishini ekhethekile optical, babasa nge izakhiwo eyingqayizivele kanye neminye imikhiqizo zobuchwepheshe. Kulokhu, Ukuthamba - akusiyo izinga kakhulu esifunwa ngapha nangapha.