Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kwezilwane ngenxa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo zezwe

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kwezilwane isidlulile ibanga elide kumiswa ngokuhamba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo zezwe. Yasungulwa esikhundleni izingxenye eyinhloko oludala ngalo ingaphakathi lomzimba, okuyinto ezilwaneni ephakeme sekuthathelwe indawo tsellomom noma yesibili umzimba ingaphakathi. Phakathi ontogeny isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kwezilwane isibe indima jikelele ukwenza, okungukuthi ukudluliswa izakhi, umoya-mpilo, imikhiqizo umzimba, ama-hormone namanye izakhi eziphila ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, kuyinto uhlelo ebalulekile zokuhlanganisa we umzimba ophilayo, iqinisekisa ubuqotho bayo.

Okugcwele kwegazi uhlelo Izazi, ososayensi baye baphawula ezifana nezilwane bakudala njengoba nemerteans, annelids, echinoderms, mollusk nezinambuzane, okungukuthi, amakilasi ezihlobana uhlobo ezilwane ezingenamgogodla. ukhokho wawo isakhiwo ezivamile isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi laliyisidala kakhulu - a izikhala ezincane uhlelo, kuyinto umgodi ngaphandle amaseli EPITHELIAL, okuyinto engakaze isungulwe isiqondiso ukugeleza kwegazi. Modern ezilwane ezingenamgogodla isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi futhi isintu impela: main imikhumbi emibili longitudinal - the ventral kanye amaphiko amanga nangaphezulu emathunjini, ngokulandelana. Futhi oxhumene by transverse imithambo yegazi ezimboze emathunjini esiyingini ukuphakama futhi sibe namagatsha eziningi ezithweni zomzimba zangaphakathi kanye nekhava. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isici ukusebenza uhlelo ukuthi igazi bomkhumbi ventral ihamba emuva engemuva - phambili. Igazi drive umsebenzi inikezwa yi ukusikwa komqondo endaweni amaphiko isitsha.

Ngo ukuvela isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kwezilwane kuyathuthuka ngezindlela eziningi kuwo wonke amakilasi. Ukuthuthukiswa Its is hhayi uvela isimiso semithambo yegazi bagogoda ezingenamgogodla. Lokhu kuchaza sici zako ezisemqoka obusebenzayo: khona imisipha onesigqi sitho, ngokuthi inhliziyo livela chordates bakudala ihlelwe abameleli - e cyclostomes. Futhi, ukuhamba kwegazi kwenzeka okulandelayo isitsha ventral phambili, ngemuva - emuva.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi yezilwane ezinomgogodla has uhlelo olulodwa kwesakhiwo, kushuba ukuphelela okwenzeka kancane kancane phezu inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kodwa akubona bonke ukuhlelwa kabusha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo babe aromorphoses, ie zinguquko zokuthuthukisa morphological bokuphila. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okwandisa kwenhlangano noma isakhiwo asikwazi kubhekwe sici kancane kancane izinguquko eziyokwenza isilwane, usezuze okuningi kakhulu. Ngo kugucuka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo we kwegazi uhlelo chordates aromorphosis undoubted kwaba ukuthuthukiswa wenhliziyo abameleli zasendulo impela, incwadi kanye ukwanda umsebenzi wayo kanye kumiswa irherho le-closed kwegazi eklasini Jawed. Libuye aromorphoses ezibalulekile kubhekwe ukuguqulwa izitsha eyinhloko inhliziyo futhi ukwehlukana ukugeleza futhi emithambo yegazi lwemithambo yegazi e ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kwezilwane kwakheka imithambo yenhliziyo negazi. Inhliziyo - isitho eziyize kwemisipha ukuthi igazi ukugeleza ngokusebenzisa izitsha, uzotshala wakhe. Kusukela kuye zonke izitho uhamba igazi ngokusebenzisa yegazi izitho ngokusuka enhliziyweni - ngokusebenzisa emithanjeni yakhe. Inhliziyo abasemakilasini ezahlukene yezilwane ezinomgogodla kungaba kokubili mono (at cyclostomes) kanye dvukamernym (inhlanzi), ezintathu-chambered (eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ezihuquzelayo) kanye emine chambered (izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo). Ngakho, i- anatomy kwenhliziyo unganquma degree of umzimba basal umzimba futhi ivumela ukuhlukana ezilwaneni poikilothermic nezilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Ngo chordates bakudala, ophilayo njalo emanzini, isimiso elula yenhlangano sokuhamba kwegazi - it has omunye kwegazi. Ukuhoxa izilwane ku komhlaba kudinga umzimba okukhulu ngaphezulu, libhekene ukubukeka kwezimila yamaphaphu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, indawo okuvela kuyo amazwi kwegazi yesibili, okuyinto unomthwalo igesi igazi exchange emaphashini. Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kwezilwane kunzima ukuhlela, kanye ngokwahlukana ephelele kwegazi, it libhekene inhliziyo emine chambered, futhi ukutholakala imibuthano ezengeziwe, ezifana yi-placenta, futhi inhliziyo langempela of Willis umbuthano kwegazi.