Ziyini ama-electron?

Othisha we-physics kanye nekhemikhali ezikhungweni zemfundo bayazi ukuthi kulula ukuchaza isihloko ngokusebenzisa ama-analog noma ukusebenzisa izibonelo ezilinganiselwe, echaza "ngeminwe." Yize izincazelo ezinikeziwe zingase zingahambisani ngokugcwele nemodeli evunyelwe ngokuvamile, noma kunjalo, indlela enjalo inikeza imiphumela yayo. Yilokho esimweni se-physics ye-athomu.

Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto zilula ukuchaza, uma sisebenzisa inkolelo yesakhiwo se-athomu, ehlongozwa ngo-1911 ngu-physicist we-English u-E. Rutherford. Naphezu kokuthi imodeli yakhe iqinisile nje, kuyiqiniso ngokwanele ukuqonda izinqubo ezenzekayo. Namuhla sizoxoxa ngokuthi yiziphi i-valence electron kanye nokuthi ubuhlobo babo bunjani nezakhiwo zezinto ezifundwayo. Kodwa okokuqala, ake sikhumbule imodeli yeplanethi yesakhiwo se-athomu.

U-Rutherford wanquma ukuthi i-athomu aliyona inhlayiya engabonakali, njengoba kucatshangwa ngaphambili, kodwa inomgogodla oqinile phakathi nendawo kanye nama-electron ajikelezayo nxazonke. Inkokhelo kagesi ye- nucleus inhle (+), futhi i-elektrononi, futhi, ayibi (-). Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili emva kokushicilelwa kwengqikithi yakhe yokwakhiwa kwe-athomu, uRutherford wakwazi ukwenza okuyingqayizivele, ngaleso sikhathi, isipiliyoni - ukuguqula i-nitrogen engozini. Ukuhlolwa kwakuhlanganisa "ukuqhubhisa" izinhlayiya ze-alpha nama-athomu we-nitrogen. Ngemva kokushayisana, kwakhiwa i-athomu ye-oksijithali futhi i-particle "eyengeziwe" enecala elihle, kamuva elibizwa ngokuthi i-proton.

Le mbono izuze ifomu eliphelele: i-nucleus ihlanganisa amaprotoni, ngosizo lwamandla kagesi, ukugcina ama-electron ezinkambeni. Njengoba i-athomu ingenalo i-electrical neutral, futhi i-proton ne-electron bayakhangwa, inani lazo zonke lilingana. Ngo-1932, i-physicist J. Chadwick wathola ukuthi emkhathini, ngaphandle kwama-proton, kunezinhlayiya ngaphandle kwe-neutron. Bayibophezele ubuningi. Kuye ngamandla we-electron, ingaba kude nakwe-nucleus. Ama-electron ama-valence yizo izinhlayiya ezilahla kabi:

• Ingabe ibanga elide ukusuka ku-nucleus, ezingxenyeni zangaphandle;
• Ungakwazi ukuxhumana nama-athomu angomakhelwane.

Ngaphansi kokubambisana kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ushiye i-orbit yayo ye-athomu noma ushintshe umzila wokuhamba.

Ama-electron ama-Valence anqunywa ngokumane - ngokusho kwetafula likaMendeleyev. Ngezici eziyisisekelo (ngaphandle kwamagqilazana, njengoba kukhona okuhlukile), isimo siyiqiniso: inani eliphezulu lamakhemikhali e-valence lihambelana nenombolo yeqembu lapho isici esingaphansi kwesifundo sitholakala khona. I-athomu enenomboro enkulu yezinhlayiyana ezinjalo, iwapha ngamanye ama-athomu ngokungafuni, ngakho-ke i-oxidizer (ithatha okungekho). Futhi, ngokuphambene, ngenombolo encane yeqembu, ama-elektronini e-valence anikezwa kalula yi-element, esebenzisane. Kulesi simo, sikhuluma nge-agent yokunciphisa noma i-athomu yomnikelo.

Ama-electron a-Valence athembele ngokuqondile esimweni se-athomu. Ngakho-ke, uma enye indlela noma enye indlela yamtshela ngamandla engeziwe avela ngaphandle (efakwe esimweni esithokozile), khona-ke i-orbit yezinhlayiya ze-valence izoba mkhulu.

Idatha ku-valence yezinto zokwakha yenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa, ukubikezela umphumela. Isibonelo, imithombo yamakhemikhali yamanje kagesi asekelwe ku-electrolytes isebenzisa izinto ezinjalo ezikwazi ukunikeza nokuthola ama-electron. Impahla engathathi hlangothi ayingabi nalutho kulokhu. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi uma wonke ama-shells angaphandle angaphansi kwe-athomu agcwele, khona-ke isici esinjalo asihambisani nhlobo futhi asihlanganyeli namanye ama-athomu (noma amandla okusebenzisana awubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi anganakwa). Isibonelo esicacile salezi gesi ezingenayo.