Isakhiwo athomu

Ukwakheka Atomic ososayensi nesithakazelo eside ngaphambi khona awo kungase kutholakale ngokwesayensi. Ngisho eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, Democritus, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u kanye sage, wasikisela ukuba zonke izinto kwakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane. Futhi nguye kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "i-atom". Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kwakukhona iqembu zefilosofi, elimalungu alo Uzame ukuthuthukisa imibono yakhe. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu atomists. Zonke lezi imibono zibekwe Roman Lucretius e yakhe edumile ethi "Ngo ubunjalo izinto." Nokho, muva nje, kuze ekuqaleni Renaissance, yayibuswa ukuhlobanisa imibono ka omunye esikweyoku esingumGreki u-Aristotle, ngubani sebekubeke babenqaba ukuthi sikhona ama-athomu.

Eyokuqala owenza umzamo ukuze ngivuselele imfundiso ka Democritus, Boyle eyiNgisi phikisana kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela "izinhlayiya indivisible". Yena sananelwa Newton. Nokho, ubufakazi obungokwesayensi imfundiso Dalton, uthisha wezibalo. Kuphethe ucwaningo amagesi, ziphawuleka ukuthi isilinganiso walabo izinhlayiya hydrogen ne-oksijini, okuyinto nengxenye ukusabela zamakhemikhali, njalo uhambelana Ingxenye ethile. Lesi sakamuva ngokuvamile zimelela isilinganiso izinombolo ezincane. Lokhu kwenza ukuba uthisha isiZulu wezibalo ukusungula umthetho wakhe "ubudlelwano amaningi", futhi kamuva - kanti lo mthetho othi "Ubuhlobo okuqhubekayo", esekelwe okuyinto, ngamunye kwakwakhe kwamakhemikhali, isilinganiso isisindo izinto kokuqala ihlale ifana. izifundo wawo waqhubeka Bertselliusom futhi Avogadro.

Iqiniso lokuthi isakhiwo athomu kunalokho xaka, liye kungase kutholakale by zesayensi eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Iqhaza le ukutholakala enkulu esenziwa: Thomson kwafakazela ukhona cathode imisebe, Skłodowska-Curie nomyeni wakhe Per Kyuri, wavula i-radioactivity kwemvelo izinto Rezeford, owathi khona maphakathi athomu kahle icala nucleus futhi kungenzeka transmutation yokufakelwa elilodwa isici kolunye, Chadwick, ukuthola khona izakhi hlangothi noma neutrons. Isakhiwo athomu lokuqala sina waqala ukutadisha Thompson owayephayona wathola electron ngo-1897. Wakwazi ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla i emizimbeni ngisho ezincane ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yomsebenzi layo isakhiwo athomu icace kangcono. Wathola ukuthi kuyizinhlayiyana imelelwa ukusatshalaliswa eyindilinga amacala omuhle, offset omubi ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalesi athomu isizathu siwukuthi kagesi hlangothi.

Uchungechunge lwemfundo izifundo olwenziwa la kanye nabanye abacwaningi, kwatholakala ukuthi i-athomu akuyona umzimba eyohlobo, futhi yakhiwa izinhlayiya ezifana neutrons, ama-proton ne-electron.

Athomu proton nucleus okukhulu kanye electron egobolondweni, ngaphezu kwalokho, inani proton oluhambisana inani sakhi ishadi lesikhathi. Ubungako proton ne-neutron kucishe. Lezi zici agcinwayo Kuyi-nucleus athomu amabutho akhethekile, ezibizwa nangokuthi zasemkhathini; La mandla zinamandla kakhulu, kodwa isinyathelo amabanga ultrashort, amabutho amaningi odlulele kuyizinhlayiyana umuzwa wokwenyanya. Isisindo electron azinakwa. Cishe wonke mass ye-athomu sisezinsukwini zaso nucleus isakhiwo nucleus ye-athomu iqukethe neutron nama-proton. I izakhiwo le ngxenye kunqunywa ezinye zezici zalo eziyisisekelo ezishiwo ngenhla. Phakathi athomu atholakala le isotonic okuthiwa. Lezi zinhlayiya kukhona athi unesimo esifana abe nezinto ezibonakalayo sihluke yokuthi isibalo neutrons ziyahlukahluka. Nokho, Isibalo proton zabo, ihlale ifana. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo zama-athomu carbon ngokuvamile eqala khona e-nucleus yayo izinhlayiya eziyisithupha kahle icala futhi singathathi hlangothi eziyisithupha - 12 kuphela, isb okuthiwa carbon inombolo mass ngokuvamile - 12. Nokho, kukhona isotopes timphawu lapho isibalo proton elihambisana stably 6 futhi isibalo neutrons ziyahlukahluka.

athomu igobolondo kunalokho uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Siqukethe subshells ezahlukene ezahlukene amazinga energy, nakho zihlukaniswe sub-amazinga kanye sub-amazinga - kwi esemkhathini. Kwakamuva kuhluke umumo kanye nosayizi yabo.