I izakhiwo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo futhi nohlelo lwayo Imininingwane DNA

Ngaphansi isimiso sezakhi zofuzo elivame ukuqondwa okuyinkambiso izimpawu ezibonisa indawo nucleotide ezilandelanayo ngo compounds DNKa RNKa futhi okuhambelana uhlelo ezahlukene uphawu elibonisa ukulandelana acid acid compounds e-molecule amaprotheni.

Lokhu kubalulekile!

Lapho ososayensi bakwazi ukufunda property isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, omunye yizinhlobonhlobo main ubelokhu eqashelwa. Yebo, njengabangaqondakali njengoba kuzwakala, zonke izinto eziphilayo kuthiwa elihlanganiswe, isimiso sezakhi zofuzo olulodwa jikelele evamile. Yasungulwa phezu isikhathi eside, futhi inqubo aphela eminyakeni mayelana 3.5 billion edlule. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-isakhiwo ikhodi usukela komkhondo kwemvelo yayo, kusukela yaqala ukuba khona kuze kube namuhla.

Lapho sikhuluma ukulandelana yizakhi isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, okusho ukuthi akusiyo senhlekelele, kodwa has a oda ngokuqinile echaziwe. Futhi lokhu futhi ngokuyinhloko inquma izakhiwo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo. Lokhu okulingana indawo izinhlamvu sakhi ngasinye emagameni. Kufanele zephule oda evamile, futhi iningi ngalokho esikufunda izincwadi noma amakhasi iphephandaba jikisa gibberish iwubuphukuphuku.

I izakhiwo eyinhloko isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Ngokuvamile, ikhodi ithwala ngokwako yiluphi ulwazi okubhalwe ngendlela ekhethekile. Ukuze ukuqopha ulwazi ikhodi yofuzo, kubalulekile ukwazi izici zayo.

Ngakho, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo - kuyinto:

• triplet;
• komsebenzi noma nokuwohloka;
• ubunjalo;
• embili;
• sekushiwo ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa.

Ake kwethu ongahlala endaweni ngayinye.

1. triplet

Le ngxube lapho ama-nucleotide amathathu iketanga Daisy ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni le nucleic acid (okuyi-DNA noma RNA). Lokhu kwakha triplet kwakwakhe noma codon. Lokhu codon buqonda omunye amino acid ekutholeni indzawo yayo peptides chain.

Hlukanisa codons (owaziwa nangokuthi ikhodi amazwi!) Ngu uxhumano yabo serial uhlobo nitrogen (nucleotide) ukuthi zifakwe Ukwakheka kwabo.

Ngo zofuzo ke wanquma ukwaba 64 uhlobo codon. Zingase yakha inhlanganisela izinhlobo ezine nucleotide 3 ngamunye. Lokhu ukwakhiwa okulingana inombolo 4 ngezinga lwesithathu. Ngakho, ukwakheka 64-nucleotide inhlanganisela.

2. komsebenzi we isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Le mpahla usukela uma ukubethela elilodwa acid acid codon kudinga eziningana, ngokujwayelekile phakathi 2-6. Kuphela amino acid methionine futhi tryptophan kungenzeka ikhodi kusetshenziswa omunye triplet.

3. Ohlukile

Kuyinto ingxenye izakhiwo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo kube inkomba yokuthi a ufuzo enempilo zofuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo esihle igazi, a-hemoglobin evamile ongamtshela odokotela emi endaweni yesithupha uchungechunge GAA triplet. Kwaba Lowo othwala ulwazi mayelana hemoglobin, futhi okufanayo ufakwe glutamic acid. Futhi uma umuntu anaemia ogulayo, omunye nucleotide esikhundleni enye incwadi ikhodi - Y, okuyinto isignali lesi sifo.

4. Ukuqhubeka

Lapho uqopha of izakhiwo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi codons njengoba chain links ahlelwe hhayi esifundeni, futhi ezindaweni ezisondelene ngqo nomunye nucleic acid chain, futhi lolu chungechunge akuyona kuphazamisekile - alinaso engenasiqalo noma isiphetho.

5. Versatility

Akufanele nanini sikhohlwe ukuthi zonke izinto Emhlabeni ukwabelana ikhodi ezivamile zofuzo. Futhi ngoba wezinkawu humans e izinambuzane nezinyoni baobab ikhuluminyaka futhi ngokulambisa achanyuselwa aphume utshani phansi ezintathu ezifanayo kuthiwa okubhalwe ngu amino acid efanayo.

Ihlala ezakhini zofuzo ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana izakhiwo i umzimba, uhlobo uhlelo umzimba uthola bayifa elivela esidlule futhi ayehlala khona njengoba isimiso sezakhi zofuzo.