Periodization Vygotsky: ebuntwaneni zakuqala, inkathi, asebekhulile. izici yobudala

Periodization ka Vygotsky, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20, namanje akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Kwakuwusuku ngesisekelo eziningi ucwaningo samanje. Periodization Vygotsky kunikeza inkomba esisiza siqonde nendlela yokuthuthukisa ubuntu bomuntu njengoba uthuthukela ngokusebenzisa ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwabo.

Academic ikakhulukazi bakhangwa ebuntwaneni. Akumangazi, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi wabeka izisekelo ubuntu, othola izinguquko ezinqala ezithinta ukuphila kwakhe konke. Vygotsky periodization kusenza siqonde lokho kushintsha ongakulindela kumuntu ngengane kweminyaka inikezwe. ososayensi Ucwaningo ingasiza kakhulu abazali, abangayiqondi okwenzekayo ezinganeni zabo.

Psychology, ukutadisha inqubo ekukhuleni kwengane, kunikeza incazelo engu izinkathi ezahlukene. Isebenza ne imiqondo ezifana "Isikhathi sasebuntwaneni" futhi "yobudala". isikhathi Age (yobudala) kuyinto umjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa ingane, okuyinto has Dynamics ayo kanye nesakhiwo.

Conditionality yobudala nezikhathi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yobudala ngokwengqondo zengane ngayinye kanye nobudala ikhalenda, sokuqala esilotshwe isitifiketi sokuzalwa kwakhe, futhi kamuva washada, musa njalo luqondane. Kudingeka nokuba bathi zonke izikhathi has izici zayo siqu zobuntu nangokwengqondo imisebenzi yengane, nobudlelwane nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anakho imingcele ecacile, Nokho, okuyinto, kungenziwa kushintshile. It kuvela ukuthi ingane eyodwa ngaphambi kokungena enkathini ethile yobudala, kanye nezinye - kamuva. Imingcele yobusha, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ukuthomba, "iflothi" sinamandla ikakhulukazi.

ebuntwaneni

Ebuntwaneni kuhlanganisa yonke iminyaka nezikhathi kokuqala. Ingabe okuqinisekile, kusala ukulungiswa umntwana abazisebenzako, yi-lokuqala kwempilo yokuba mdala. Ngokucacile we kuhlanganisiwe yobudala nezikhathi kunqunywa ezingeni sokuthuthukisa amasiko nezomnotho yaso umphakathi, lapho ingane ngeka, lapho waqeqesha futhi abafundile.

Uma kufika isikhathi sethu osizi ukuphela? Ngo Psychology, kuba ngokuvamile isikhathi kusukela ekuzalweni kuze yobudala engu-7. Nokho, ebuntwaneni yesimanje, yebo, uyaqhubeka emva ingane ingena esikoleni. Yiqiniso, omncane umfundi namanje ingane. Ezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ngasendleleni, kubhekwa njengendlela "Isikhathi sasebuntwaneni nokunwetshiwe" kuya enkathini yokuthomba. Kungakhathaliseki umbono singase ahlukaniswe, masisho ukuthi umuntu abe mdala ngempela alindele ukuba nengane kuphela eminyakeni 15-17.

L. S. Vygotsky mayelana nokuthuthukiswa

ukuthuthukiswa Ubudala womuntu - nenqubo enzima. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa zezingane. On ngamunye izigaba kuyahlukahluka yobudala umuntu. Ukuthuthukiswa ngokuvumelana L. S. Vygotskomu (isithombe ngenhla ibonisa) -, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuvela entsha. Ngakho, isigaba yentuthuko, ngokwaleli wengqondo, libhekene neoplasms ebudaleni obuthile kuphela, isb izakhiwo noma izimfanelo, okwakuyinto ngaphambilini ngefomu siphelile ezinjalo. Nokho, njengoba Vygotsky wabhala entsha "akusho ukuna." It kwenzeka ngokwemvelo. Yonke inkambo ukuthuthukiswa odlule silungiselela ke.

I isimo senhlalo ungumthombo ukuthuthukiswa. Isinyathelo ngasinye ekuthuthukiseni zezingane ekushintsheni indlela imvelo inomthelela ingane. Kuba nokuthambekela okungafani uma uhamba komunye bobunye ubudala kuya kwenye. L. S. Vygotsky wakhuluma 'isimo kwezenhlalo yentuthuko. " Ngaphansi lo mqondo, usosayensi waqaphela sicaciselwe ubuhlobo yobudala ethile phakathi komuntu isimo senhlalo. Ingane baxhumana imvelo zokuxhumana, efundisa futhi uvusa ke. Lokhu kusebenzelana inquma indlela yentuthuko, okuholela ukuvela neoplasms ezihlobene nokukhula.

Experience nemisebenzi

Kungayiphi indlela izingane uxhumana imvelo? Experience kanye nomsebenzi - amayunithi ezimbili ukuhlaziya okubizwa ngokuthi isimo kwezenhlalo yentuthuko, lapho usunike L. S. Vygotsky. Izenzakalo ingane, umsebenzi wayo sangaphandle kalula uyalandelwa. Nokho, kukhona nakho futhi sihlele, okungukuthi uhlelo yangaphakathi. izingane ezahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene uhlangabezana nesimo esifanayo emndenini yabo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho kwamawele, okungukuthi, abantwana beminyaka yobudala efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, isibonelo, ukungqubuzana phakathi abazali wavuma kuthinte ekukhuleni kwengane, kuyilapho imbangela neurosis kanye ngeziphambeko ehlukahlukene kusukela nezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihambayo komunye ubudala, ingane ngendlela entsha ubhekene nesimo esithile umndeni.

Vygotsky ngezindlela zokuthuthukisa

Vygotsky ezikhonjwe izindlela ezimbili ezilandelayo zentuthuko. Omunye wabo - kubalulekile. kungazelelwe Ubonakala wabe ngokushesha. Indlela yesibili yentuthuko - ezolile (lytic). Ngezinye ebudaleni obuthile kuphela, ngempela, it libhekene ukuthuthukiswa lytic, okungukuthi, ukugeleza kancane. Esikhathini eside, ngokuvamile esehlanganise iminyaka eminingi, kulezi zikhathi akukho abukhali, izinguquko ezinqala futhi ukuqhela. Futhi lezo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni, hhayi kabusha lonke umuntu. Kuphela ngenxa yesikhathi eside ukugeleza inqubo ezifihliwe izinguquko lubonakale.

nezikhathi lytic

I ubudala yentuthuko azinzile ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezinguquko ezincane ubuntu. Yebo, ukuqongelela ukuze umkhawulo othile, base betholakala discontinuously ngesimo kweminyaka neoplasm. Iningi esengumntwana kwaba nezikhathi ematasa kangaka. Kusukela intuthuko okwenzeka ngaphakathi kubo ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, by komhlaba, e izinguquko ubuntu avele ngokucacile lapho eluqhathanisa kuya ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi. ubudala Esitebeleni ososayensi wafunda ingcono kakhulu libhekene zinhlekelele - olunye uhlobo yentuthuko.

zinhlekelele

Aye atholakala empirically futhi asalalelwe ohlelweni. Kusukela ngaphandle nezikhathi libhekene izici ukubukeka, ubudala okuphambene esitebeleni noma izinze. Phakathi esifushane ezithiwa kulezi bofeleba netinhlavu ngokuzumayo ukuqhela kanzulu izinguquko, usizi kanye izinguquko ebuntwini. Ngesikhashana nje ingane sishintsha lonke, e izici zako ezisemqoka zobuntu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kuthatha okusheshayo, lina futhi kuneziphepho, ngezinye izikhathi inhlekelele. Lesi sici ezithakazelisayo iyona periodization nokuthuthuka komuntu.

Vygotsky waphawula izenzakalo ezinhle, okuyinto unesikhathi ezibucayi. Lokhu kwathatha letisha ukuziphatha. Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba ngalezi zikhathi ezilandelayo ezibucayi ebuntwaneni: Isikhathi ezisanda kubelethwa, ngonyaka owodwa, iminyaka emithathu, iminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa, inkathi yokuthomba.

Ubudala periodization Vygotsky

Okokuqala, kukhona isimo esibucayi kuzalwa, kulandele isencane (kusuka izinyanga ezimbili kuya ngonyaka). Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ukuphikisana phakathi ubuncane futhi ithuba esiphezulu ukuxhumana nomphakathi wengane.

Ubudala periodization Vygotsky esibucayi esiqhubekayo 1 unyaka. Lokhu kulandelwa zakuqala ebuntwaneni (kusukela unyaka kuya kwemithathu). Ngalesi sikhathi, umsebenzi owenziwa umfanyana noma intombazane isihloko-isibhamu, kuyinto "umdlalo sina". Ingane uvele inkulumo, uhamba, ukuthintwa.

Lokhu kulandelwa isimo esibucayi engu-3, ngemva kwalokho kufika ubudala zasenkulisa (iminyaka emithathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa). Phakathi nale nkathi, kukhona ukuthambekela behlukanisiwe omdala (Ukukhululwa), kanye nginenhliziyo ukuziphatha hhayi ngokomzwelo. Ivela "Mina". iminyaka engu-3 Inkinga inenani omuhle, okuyinto sivezwe kula lokuthi kukhona izici ezintsha zobuntu. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi uma, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, le nkinga kwenzeka yaphetha, sluggishly, eseluphele okwalandela mfanyana noma intombazane ukukhombisa ukubambezeleka esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni izici volitional futhi affective zobuntu.

Lokhu kulandelwa isimo esibucayi iminyaka 7, ngemva kwalokho eza entsha isikhathi - abasesikoleni (kusukela eminyakeni 8 kuya ku-12). Kufana nengane ngesikhathi esibekiwe kulahleka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa ye kwamangqamuzana zokuphila kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle. Kukhona logic umuzwa nje okungaqondile, okuhlangenwe nakho kwengane abe okunenjongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuzethemba. Ngokuphathelene nesimo esibucayi iminyaka 7, abacwaningi baye baphawula ukuthi kule nkathi kukhona impumelelo enkulu: ukushintsha maqondana sengane ezinye izingane, liyakhula uzibuse.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-13 elandelayo esibucayi. Lokhu kulandelwa ukuthomba (14 kuya ku-18). Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona umuzwa yokuba umuntu omdala. Ingane iqala ukuzizwa ungubani sakhe, ukuzinyeza wakhe eba. I waphawula ukwehla ukukhiqiza umsebenzi ngengqondo ngenxa izinguquko kulungiselelwa ukubonakala kuze ebanjwayo. kwehla kwesikhashana ekusebenzeni ephelezelwa kwathatha unohlobo umsebenzi bokusungula womuntu.

Vygotsky wathi ukuthi intsha - lena eneminyaka engu-18 kuya ku-25. Ngokusho imithetho eyisisekelo futhi jikelele okusho ngayo isikhathi sokuqala phakathi ubudala ovuthiwe. L. S. Vygotsky wanika periodization enemininingwane kuphela ebuntwaneni, kodwa izinguquko womuntu esizayo ubuntu. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ngiqhubeka nezifundo, ziye zakhomba ngalezi zikhathi ezilandelayo.

intsha

ososayensi Young ngokuvamile sichazwa ngokuthi abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-19 kuya ku-30. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi engu-emngceleni kunemibandela kakhulu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kule nkathi iyona obuseduze mathupha nabobulili obuhlukile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le intsha - sekuyisikhathi sokuba nethemba. Ngalesi sikhathi, indoda ugcwele nobungqabavu, isifiso liqalise imigomo. Ubusha buyisikhathi isikhathi esingcono iSilekeleli Sokwazisa.

lokusungula crisis

lokusungula crisis kwenzeka ekusebenzisaneni phakathi esemncane maphakathi (sobudala - kusukela eminyakeni engu-30 kuya ku-45). Isizathu ukuthi ukwanda amakhono, okuyinto kuhambisana ukwanda isimiso. Usizo lwabenza imisenenzi nokuphila komkhaya kuthiwa uhlaliseke. Kukhona ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ngaphezulu. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi, abantu ngokuvamile ukushintsha umsebenzi wabo, abahlukanisile.

Isilinganiso sobudala obumbi kwalesi sikhathi

Isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala - liphinde yobudala okunemibandela kakhulu. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukunquma ngokunembile walo, kodwa ngokuvamile isethwe ku ezahlukene eminyakeni engu-30 kuya ku-45. Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu. Ukuthola isipiliyoni, umuntu uba umuntu omuhle umndeni kanye onguchwepheshe. Waqale ecabanga ngokungathi sína ngalokho okushoyo uhlala ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Ekupheleni kwalesi isigaba sokuphila kufika inkinga yokukhula. Isizathu sokuba kube wukuthi kuba phezulu, futhi uyaqonda ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba afune omunye amasu okufinyelela imigomo yangaphambilini noma ubukeza nezifiso ubudala. Phakathi nalesi simo esibucayi actualized izinkinga ekuphileni (ngabodwa, ukufa, ukulahlekelwa incazelo), kukhona izinkinga ezithile (maladjustment izinto, ukuzehlukanisa nabantu, ushintsho oluphelele amagugu).

ukuvuthwa

ukuvuthwa isikhathi kuchazwa ngokuthi inkathi ephakathi 45 no-60 iminyaka, nakuba yalo nazo mobile kakhulu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kule nkathi kuyinto lokudala, iSilekeleli Sokwazisa. Uthole isimo sabo emphakathini, amakhono athile nesipiliyoni sidlulile. Man rethinking imigomo yabo. Yena kuqeda amathemba engenabulungisa futhi ukukhohlisa bobusha.

efingqa obumbi

Inkathi ukuvuthwa yalesibhicongo debriefing esilandelayo. Isizathu sokuba kube - ukwehla isimo sabo emphakathini, kanye nokulahlekelwa isigqi wokuphila, ugcine amashumi eminyaka. Ngezinye izikhathi, yonke le kuholela ukuwohloka abukhali isimo ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba.

nokuguga

Old ubudala - yobudala inkathi yeminyaka engu-60 noma ngaphezulu. Isimo ngokwengqondo umuntu ngalesi sikhathi libhekene lokucabanga, ukuzola, asthenia esibalulekile, ohlakaniphile, ukukhanyiselwa othambekele inkumbulo. Ikhehla nowesifazane ukukhiqiza abakhathalelayo, kodwa bathinteka isikhundla maqondana abazukulu nabazukulu okukhulu.

Erikson ukuthi le isigaba libhekene hhayi nenhlekelele omusha, nokuhlanganiswa, summation nokuhlola zonke izigaba odlule yentuthuko. Lapho esegugile ivamile ukuthula ukuthi sivela ikhono bhekisisa ukuthi, ukuphila wahlala ngokuthobeka kodwa ngokuqinile: ". Nganelisiwe" Labo owayengakwazi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi ukufa akunakugwenywa, njengoba izingelosi zibona ngokuqhutshwa kohlelo ngokwabo noma impumelelo yabo yokudala, noma inzalo. Kodwa abanye abantu ubheke ukuphila kwakhe kwangaphambili njengoba uchungechunge amaphutha kanye engaba ezinganeni. Bayaqonda ukuthi ukuqala kabusha sekwephuzile.

Kumele kuthiwe ubudala isici ethulwa angenhla sembula izici kuphela jikelele ukwakha ubuntu. Ngamunye wethu uhlukile. abantu ezehlukene zinezidingo ukukhula nokuthuthuka zenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukusungula imingcele esiqondile esikhathini esinikeziwe. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, yebo, thatha lokhu ku-akhawunti lapho ukhuluma ngani umqondo ezifana nobudala babhekane nezinga elikhulu.