Inombolo Avogadro sika: amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Kusukela Yiqiniso esikoleni i-chemistry yaziwa kithi ukuthi uma uthatha omunye imvukuzane into, kuba 6.02214084 (18) • 10 ^ 23 ama-athomu, noma ezinye izinto ezihlelekile (amangqamuzana, ion, njll). Ukuze kube lula inombolo Avogadro sika ngokuvamile ezilotshwe kule fomu: 6,02 • 10 ^ 23.

Nokho, kungani njalo Avogadro (ngolimi Ukraine "baba Avogadro") yiso value enjalo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo alikho izincwadi, futhi izazi-mlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali anikele ezihlukahlukene izinguqulo. Ethonya wukuthi inombolo Avogadro kuba incazelo imfihlo. Ngokuqinisekile kumelwe ukuba likhona magic izinombolo, okuhlanganisa inombolo ethile "pi", Fibonacci izinombolo, eziyisikhombisa (eziyisishiyagalombili empumalanga), 13, njll Sizolwa kuze cleaner ulwazi. Mayelana ngubani lokhu Amedeo Avogadro, futhi kungani, behlonipha usosayensi ngaphezu kwalokho washayelwa umthetho, wathola njalo wagcotshwa futhi okuthiwa emgodini the Moon, ngeke ukhulume. Lokhu kakade ebhaliwe ezihlokweni eziningi.

Ukuze enembile, Amedeo Avogadro awuzange wahlanganyela izibalo zishintshe noma zama-athomu iyiphi ivolumu ethile. Eyokuqala ababezama ukuthola kangakanani yezinhlayiya igesi equkethwe emqulwini azinikeza ingcindezi efanayo futhi izinga lokubanda lalingu-Josef Loschmidt, futhi kwaba unyaka 1865. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa kwabo Loschmidt waphetha ngokuthi omunye isentimitha intilibathwa iyiphi igesi ezimweni ezijwayelekile kuyinto 2,68675 • 10 ^ 19 ama-molecule.

Ngemva kwalokho, kwathiwa kusungulwe inqwaba izindlela esizimele kanjani ukucacisa Avogadro njalo, futhi njengoba imiphumela kweziningi umdlalo, iyoba waphinda wakhuluma esivuna khona ngempela-molecule. Okwamanje, inani izindlela lidlule 60, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, ososayensi bazama okunye ukuthuthukisa ukunemba balinganisela, zokwethula incazelo entsha elithi "amakhilogramu". Kuze kube manje, lo amakhilogramu lihlotshaniswa impahla akhethiwe ejwayelekile ngaphandle izincazelo ayisisekelo.

Kodwa Ake sibuyele embuzweni wethu wasekuqaleni - kungani lokhu njalo ulingana 6,022 • 10 ~ 23?

Ngo-chemistry, ngo-1973, kwahlongozwa ukwethula umqondo ukuthi lezi zinto ziyokwenzeka lula izibalo ngokuthi "yokuthi liphansi". Iyunithi eziyisisekelo sokulinganisa lemali baba Mol. Ngokusho izincomo IUPAC, inani zonke izinto ngokulingana izinhlayiya zayo ezithile aphansi. Isici proportionality akuxhomekile uhlobo lomcebo, kanye nenombolo Avogadro sika ephambene ukubaluleka kwayo.

Ngokucaca, ake uthathe noma isibonelo. Njengoba sazi kusuka kwencazelo-athomu mass iyunithi 1 amu It kulingana owodwa yeshumi nambili mass ye-athomu ye-carbon futhi 12C kuyinto 1,66053878 • 10 ^ (- 24) igremu. Uma wande 1 amu ngesikhathi Avogadro njalo, sithola 1,000 g / Mol. Manje thatha ezinye isici zamakhemikhali, isibonelo, beryllium. Ngokusho Ithebula mass beryllium athomu kuyinto 9,01 amu Sibala okuyinto lingana kuze fike imvukuzane-athomu element:

6,02 x 10 ^ 23 Mol-1 * 1.66053878h10 ^ (- 24) * 9,01 amagremu = 9,01 amagremu / imvukuzane.

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi i-mass izinyo lomhlathi anda kuvumelana athomu.

Avogadro njalo iye akhethe ukuze mass izinyo lomhlathi kwakuhambelana nokuka unobuningi-athomu noma dimensionless - isihlobo yamangqamuzana (-athomu) isisindo. Singasho ukuthi inombolo Avogadro ubophekile ukuba ukubukeka kwakhe ngakolunye uhlangothi, le-athomu mass unit, ngakolunye - iyunithi ovamile for uqhathanisa isisindo - amagremu.