Isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo. Amandla siphile ezihuquzelayo

Zilwane ezihuquzelayo ehlelekile ekilasini kwezilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla, okuhlanganisa 9.400 zinhlobo, okuholela phansi, okungenani-semi zasemanzini yokuphila. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola Sakhiwo sangekhatsi kanye imisebenzi ebalulekile ezihuquzelayo, kanye sibheke ezinye izici ezihambisana ezincwadini kwemvelo.

Skeleton kanye nemisipha ezihuquzelayo

Ngokungafani nezilwane eziphila ezweni, ezihuquzelayo emgogodleni has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi siqukethe wesibeletho, thoracic, lumbar, sacral nesifunda caudal. amathambo thoracic axhunyiwe izimbambo futhi yakha thorax. Kuyinto ngingekho zinyoka, kodwa umgogodla yabo iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 500 amathambo. Ngo izibankwa, ngokungafani izinyoka, athuthukiswe kahle esifubeni, umsila emgogodleni lihlukile: kusukela amathambo caudal abe ungqimba uqwanga izicubu, futhi kalula ubhujiswe. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi autotomy. It inenani zokuzivikela: isilwane ephunyuka a kwamazinyo nomzingeli ukulahlekelwa yingxenye umsila wayo. Uhlelo kwemisipha e ezihuquzelayo kuyinto kubenzima.

Lokhu kusebenza, ngaphezu kwakho konke, thoracic imisipha intercostal abathintekayo ukuphefumula. Inqubekela phambili bekulokhu imisipha mandibular, futhi imisipha nasemilenzeni indluzelekazi e ezihuquzelayo ezifana efana izibankwa nezingwenya. Anatomically ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ezihuquzelayo (bheka ithebula ngezansi) kuwumphumela aromorphoses futhi ezincwadini eziye saphakama la magciwane phakathi kwemvelo.

izitho kwegazi

Izinkinga yenhlangano ezihuquzelayo uye wathinta futhi yisimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ukuqhubeka ukuhlola isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle we ezihuquzelayo, ukugxila izici zayo futhi kwegazi izinqubo ahlobene umzimba. Umzimba ezihuquzelayo lencike kancane ezingeni lokushisa elifanele kuka e izilwane zasemhlabeni. Noma kunjalo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye like kukhona eziphilayo poikilothermic, futhi babe elikhulu lokushisa kule uhla - 22 kuya + 38 degrees. + ezihuquzelayo amandla ukusetshenziswa leliphasi kunaleyo of izilwane zasemhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi elandayo isakhiwo inhliziyo, kanye ngokwahlukana ngokwengxenye kuwo nokusakazwa lwemithambo negazi emithambo yegazi. Izici isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo, etafuleni oboniswe ngezansi, abonisa ukuthi ezihuquzelayo babe ezimbili kwegazi. uhlelo yabo kwegazi avaliwe, kukhona enkabeni i ukwahlukanisa akuphelele, okuyinto yene ngokuphelele izingwenya, ukugcina umgodi phakathi ohlangothini lwesobunxele futhi kwesokudla.

The main isitho kwegazi siqukethe Atria emibili ventricle. igazi Arterial is eqoqwe engxenyeni engenhla ventricle, uyifake kusukela ATRIUM kwesokunxele bese emithambo yegazi - ukusuka kwesokudla. Ngakho, in ilungelo engezansi ventricular igazi ukuhlanganiswa. Phakathi systole, igazi elinomoya-mpilo bephushelwa ngakwesokudla lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta. igazi ezixutshiwe kusukela ohlangothini lokunene ventricle engakwesobunxele ingena lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta, futhi emithambo yegazi - kusukela uhhafu ongezansi - umfula yamaphaphu. Nakuba, ucabangela isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo, futhi laba ababili inkulumo mayelana kwegazi, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele ukuthi abakwazi kubhekwe ezimele njengoba lwemithambo negazi emithambo yegazi axutshwa ku-aorta amaphiko.

ezihuquzelayo izinso okhalo

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo libhekene okwandisa yinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo omunye izinhlelo ehola - excretion, ukuthuthukiswa metanephric - izinso okhalo. Basuke etholakala ohlangothini ventral ezizungeze nhlangothi zombili we cloaca, yokuxhuma nalo ngokusebenzisa ureters. Kukhona esinyeni. Izinyoka nezingwenya it is anatomically ongacaciswanga kahle. Ngo imikhiqizo ezihuquzelayo exchange, ngokungafani kuya ezincelisayo ngaphandle urea samanje, futhi uric acid.

Kanjani ukugaya

ezihuquzelayo Iningi kukhona carnivores, nakuba ezihuquzelayo ezifana isibankwa esheshayo, ufudu asemaqeleni, futhi ukondla izitshalo. Ngokufunda isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo, kuyacaca ukuthi tube wokugaya ukudla enezinto eziningi izici morphological elihlobene ne-eyinkimbinkimbi jikelele wenhlangano. Ngakho, bakha ulwanga yesibili. Lakhiwa amathambo futhi ehlukanisa ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo kusukela amavesi nasopharyngeal kokuvula ku emphinjeni uphondo zokwakheka - choanae yesibili. I ikholoni iyona ezihuquzelayo kuqala ukuvela cecum. nezindlala wokugaya ukudla: sesibindi kwamanyikwe, ukukhiqiza enzyme Bile emulsifies lipids. Izindonga emphinjeni kanye isisu sibe kwemisipha futhi obukhulu, okuyinto ebaluleke ikakhulukazi zinhlobo, ukugwinya ukudla kulokuphelele (sib, izinyoka) noma izingcezu ezinkulu (izingwenya). Esikoleni izincwadi yezinto eziphilayo, ukutadisha Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ezihuquzelayo (Ibanga 7), iqukethe eziningi amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo eziphathelene silwane izimpahla. Ngokwesibonelo, izingwenya kanye izimfudu kungenzeka eside zonke ezinye izilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla ngaphandle kokudla, Ifisa ukuba ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ukuze evamile ukugaya izinyoka kudingeka okushisa ambient hhayi ngezansi 22 - 25 ° C, ngaphandle kwalokho kuphele nezindlala wokugaya ukudla ukukhiqiza ama-enzyme ukudla kugwinywe lonke, hhayi kugaywe, bese iqala ukubola esiswini, okuholela ubuthi futhi ukufa sesilwane.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo

Eqhubeka ukufunda isakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nekhono ukuphila ezihuquzelayo, cabangela ushintsho kwesizini ontogeny yabo. Kulindeleke ukuthi ekushintshashintsheni lokushisa idioadaptatsy (nsuku zonke futhi cyclicity ezithile zonyaka). Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi no-entwasahlobo ezihuquzelayo ahole yokuphila asebenzayo, kusukela emini, lapho inhlabathi futhi umoya ngokwanele sekuqala ukufudumala.

Ngo-July - ekuqaleni kuka-August, iningi izilwane ezimatasa ekuseni noma kusihlwa, futhi emini iwela isimo ukuphumula. Ebusika ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele ezihuquzelayo yokucashisa, ukufihla ematsheni, izimbobo noma ngaphansi izimpande izihlahla. Estivation nobuntu zilwane ezihuquzelayo, okuyinto ngalesi sikhathi, ukuntuleka kokudla.

Molting e ezihuquzelayo

Cyclically okwenzeka ezilwaneni inqubo molting - ukushintsha isikhumba esomile imbozwe enezinto noma izikali Horny. Iphinde incike lokushisa kuma. Tinyoka izibankwa molt kuqedile, kulesi simo, ukushintsha wonke isikhumba, ebizwa ngokuthi Nightcrawlers. Ngo izingwenya ngezikhathi exfoliated izikali ngabanye - osteoderms. Ngo izimfudu exfoliate izindawo isikhumba ukuthi abavikelwe korapaksom futhi molt zasemanzini neze lubonakale.

silwane ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Ngu izinqubo Zijika izilwane eziphilayo futhi libhekisela umsebenzi zokuzala, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kulawulwa lokushisa kuma. Nakani izici of isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo. Ithebula elingezansi uqinisekisa ukuthi ezihuquzelayo yizilwane dioecious, izimpawu kokukhulelwa yangaphakathi.

Ngemva kwakhe, izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda wamboza izibankwa, izimfudu nezinyoka igobolondo obunesikhumba, nezingwenya yena lime. Ezinye zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezifana nebululu, ukuchamisela amaqanda ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Ukukhanya libonakala 12 namazinyane azo, okuyinto ngokushesha ziqala ukufiphala. Owesilisa uhlelo zokuzala emelelwa testes abhanqiwe, vas deferens futhi volfovyh isiteshi egeleza phakathi cloaca. Izinsikazi abe pair of ezikhiqiza amaqanda. Jajtceprovoda kokuba izimbobo uphondo emise zifakwe ku cloaca.

isimiso sezinzwa futhi izinzwa

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi ezihuquzelayo ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle Ukutadisha innervation kwezitho nemisebenzi analyzers. Ubuchopho has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Associative cortex izikhungo ahlinzeke ukuthuthukiswa ikhaliphe ekhondishina kohlelo. izinhlaka ngokubona, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, uthinta ngokwanele athuthukile. Tinyoka ezinye izibankwa, ezifana umsele wamanzi, lapho parietal iso, okuyinto umzimba photosensitive.