Umgomo we-laser isinyathelo: izici laser emisebeni ye

Isimiso lokuqala isenzo laser, okuyinto esekelwe physics komthetho emisebeni Planck sika, ngemcondvo, Einstein ngo-1917 sasifanele. Wachaza ukumuncwa, okuvele kwavusa emisebeni kagesi usebenzisa okungenzeka okuza (Einstein okuza).

Trailblazers

UTeodor Meyman waba ngowokuqala khombisa isimiso isinyathelo we-laser irubi, esekelwe ukudonsa optical usebenzisa flash isibani zokwenziwa irubi, edonsa emisebeni anokuhambisana nge nombono ka 694 nm.

Ngo-1960, ososayensi Iranian noYavan noBennett wadala igesi lasers sokuqala usebenzisa Izingxube Yena Ne amagesi e isilinganiso 1:10.

Ngo-1962, R. N. Hall yenza lokuqala diode laser eyenziwe gallium arsenide (Gaas), likhipha ngesikhathi wavelength 850 nm. Ngasekupheleni kwalowo nyaka, Nick Golonyak bahlakulele lokuqala Semiconductor quantum generator yokukhanya ebonakalayo.

Idivayisi futhi isimiso lasers

Ngamunye ohlelweni laser kuhlanganisa i osebenzelana asebenzayo optically ibekwe phakathi pair of izibuko parallel nokuzindla kakhulu, enye yazo angenisa ukukhanya, futhi umthombo wamandla for uzotshala ke. Njengoba medium inzuzo ingaba njengesihluthulelo okuqinile, uketshezi noma igesi, okuyinto unekhono zandisa amplitude we wave ukukhanya edabula ke ngaphakathi nge kagesi noma optical ukudonsa ngemisebe. Ingqikithi ibekwe phakathi pair of izibuko ukuze ukukhanya siboniswe kubo isikhathi ngasinye sidlula ke futhi, njengoba safinyelela nokwanda okuphawulekayo, lingena esibukweni nengxenye.

imvelo Duplex

Cabangela isimiso laser senzo i osebenzelana asebenzayo kabani la ma-athomu amazinga amandla ezimbili kuphela: E ujabule E ₂ no base _1. Uma la ma-athomu nge iyiphi indlela ukudonsa (optical, kagesi osenyameni wamanje noma transmittance electron bombardment) sijabulile a E isimo _2, endaweni nanoseconds ezimbalwa yena abuyele isikhundla eyisisekelo, imbuthuma amandla izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya hν = E ₂ - E _1. Ngokusho theory ka-Einstein ye, ekushayweni ikhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: noma ke unxenxwa ngumuntu ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya, noma-ke kwenzeka angesabi. Endabeni wangaphambili, ekushayweni kwavusa kwenzeka kanti eyesibili - nokuguqulwa. Ngezinye yakhoibrium ezishisayo, ematfuba ekushayweni uyavuselelwa kuyinto ephansi kakhulu kunalokho lo nokuguqulwa (1:10 ^33), ukuze ezivamile incoherent ukukhanya imithombo kakhulu, futhi lasing kungenzeka ngaphandle yakhoibrium ezishisayo izimo.

Ngisho nge uqine kakhulu ukudonsa labantu zezinga izinhlelo kungenziwa kuphela kulinganiswe. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuzuzwe kombhala labantu noma enye indlela ukudonsa optical kudinga uhlelo amathathu- noma amane-level.

multi-level uhlelo

Uyini Umgomo we-laser amathathu ezingeni? I ngemisebe yokukhanya okukhulu imvamisa ν ₀₂ iphampa up inqwaba zama-athomu kusukela aphansi amandla ezingeni _E-0 no-E ₂ elingenhla. inguqulelo Radiationless ne-athomu E ₂ E ₁ usungula kombhala labantu phakathi E ₁ kanye no-E _0, okuyinto in umkhuba engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma la ma-athomu kukhona isikhathi eside endaweni metastable isimo E _1, futhi kwathatha kusukela _E-1 kuya ku E ₂ kwenzeka ngokushesha. Isimiso yokusebenza ye-laser amathathu ezingeni ungaphakathi mibandela, ukuze phakathi _{E-0 no-E-1,} kombhala labantu ibangelwa futhi iyakhula i-albhamu yezithombe amandla E ₁ -E ₀ kwavusa ekushayweni. Okubanzi ezingeni E ₂ bakwazi ukwandisa uhla ukumuncwa wavelength ukuze ngokuyimpumelelo ukumpompa, okuholela ekwandeni ekushayweni inkanuko yobulili.

Three-level uhlelo ludinga eliphezulu kakhulu amandla ukudonsa kusukela ezingeni leliphasi, zinengxenye isizukulwane, kuba isisekelo. Kulokhu, ukuze labantu kombhala lafika E isimo ₁ ukuba akhishwa ezingaphezu kwesigamu inani lenombolo-atom amancanyana. Kulokhu, amandla usuke udlale ngesikhathi. Amandla futha zingancishiswa kakhulu uma ephansi ezingeni lasing akuyona base edinga okungenani uhlelo zezinga ezine.

Kuya ngemvelo we ketshezi esebenzayo, lasers zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo, okungukuthi okuqinile, uketshezi kanye negesi. Kusukela ngo-1958, lapho isizukulwane sokuqala laligujwa endaweni crystal irubi, ososayensi nabacwaningi abaningi abake batadisha anhlobonhlobo izinto esigabeni ngasinye.

laser okuqinile-state

Ukusebenza kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa i osebenzelana asebenzayo kwakhiwa ngokunezela nangokuvikela crystal ngehele inguqulelo metal okuyinto (Ti ^+3, Kr ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, nokunye. D.) , ezingavamile emhlabeni ion (Ce ^+3, IzA ^+3, Nd ^+3, PM ^+3, Sm ^+2, Eu ^{+ 2 + 3,} TB ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, u-Eri ^+3, yb ⁺³ , et al.), kanye actinides ezifana U ^+3. Amazinga zamandla athomu necala yodwa isizukulwane. Izakhiwo of indaba isizinda, ezifana conductivity ezishisayo kanye ukunwetshwa ezishisayo zibalulekile ukusebeza kahle laser. Indawo ngehele zama-athomu bezungeza ion doped eshintsha yayo amazinga energy. ubude ezahlukene wave isizukulwane e medium okusebenzayo izuzwe doping izinto ezihlukahlukene esikhathini ion efanayo.

laser Holmium

Isibonelo laser okuqinile-state generator quantum, lapho holmium athomu ubuyisela impahla phansi ngehele crystal. Ho: YAG ingenye engcono izinto lasing. Isimiso yokusebenza ye-laser holmium wukuthi garnet yttrium aluminium doped nge ion holmium, optically akhishwa yi-flash isibani bese likhipha ngesikhathi wavelength ka 2097 NM ku uhla infrared is kahle amuncwa izicubu. Sebenzisa lesi laser ukuze imisebenzi emalungeni, ukwelashwa kwamazinyo, ihwamuke amangqamuzana omdlavuza, izinso kanye amatshe atholakala enyongweni.

A Semiconductor quantum generator

Quantum kahle lasers azibizi, ukuvumela ekukhiqizweni futhi kalula uyakaleka. Isimiso ezisebenza of the Semiconductor laser esekelwe ukusetshenziswa PN-diode okuhlangana kuyo, oveza ukukhanya inamandla ethile recombination esiphathiswa ngesikhathi noma ukuchema kuzo omuhle, ofana LED. LED ihlaba umkhosi ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi laser diodes - kokucabanga. Ukuze agcwalise kombhala isimo sabantu, lamanje yokusebenza kumele idlule kombundu. Lesi sangoma okusebenzayo diode Semiconductor inokubukwa kwendawo uxhumano izingqimba ezimbili ntathu.

Umgomo we operation yalolu hlobo laser ukuthi ukulondoloza oscillations kungekho esibukweni yangaphandle iyadingeka. Ikhono lembhali, wadala ngenxa kuya yezokubona Inkomba izingqimba reflection sangaphakathi medium asebenzayo, kwanele le njongo. I evele ekupheleni ninamathele diodes enikeza parallel evele khomba.

Egcekeni ezakhiwe impahla Semiconductor yohlobo olufanayo ibizwa ngokuthi homojunction, njengoba wasungulwa ngokuxhuma ezimbili ezahlukene - heterojunction.

Semiconductors ka p futhi n hlobo nge high density abathwali akha p-n-rockstar nge mncane kakhulu (≈1 mm) ungqimba isiyaphela.

igesi laser

Umgomo we operation kanye nokusebenzisa lolu hlobo laser kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala kumadivayisi we sanoma yisiphi umthamo (kusuka milliwatts ukuba megawatts) futhi banemibono (kusuka ultraviolet ukuba lefoni) futhi ungasebenza izindlela pulsed futhi okuqhubekayo. Kususelwa ubunjalo abezindaba esebenzayo, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu igesi lasers, okungukuthi athomu, ionic futhi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

igesi lasers Iningi akhishwa ngomcucuzo kagesi. Amaelectrons tube osenyameni kuthiwa yashesha ensimini kagesi phakathi electrode. Bona zishayisane athomu, ion noma molecule i osebenzelana asebenzayo enze ushintsho ukuze amazinga amandla ephakeme oveza isimo sabantu kombhala futhi ekushayweni nelukuluku.

laser yamangqamuzana

Umgomo we-laser isinyathelo kusekelwe yokuthi, ngokungafani athomu aqhelelene futhi ion e lasers atomic ion molecule ifa ezibanzi amandla amaviyo amazinga amandla leyehlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye ezingeni electron amandla has inqwaba amazinga vibrational, futhi labo ithuba - a ukujikeleza ambalwa.

Amandla phakathi electron amazinga amandla e-UV futhi ebonakalayo izifunda bohlu, kuyilapho phakathi amazinga vibrational-ukujikeleza - ezindaweni akude naseduze infrared. Ngakho, iningi lasers yamangqamuzana esebenza ezindaweni ezikude noma eduze-infrared.

excimer lasers

Excimers kukhona i-molecule ezifana ArF, KrF, XeCl, okuyinto zihlukaniswe isimo phansi uzinze futhi ezingeni lokuqala. Umgomo we operation ye-laser esilandelayo. Ngokuvamile, inombolo isimo phansi kwama-molecule incane, ngakho ukudonsa ngqo kusuka isimo phansi akunakwenzeka. Lezi zinhlayiya zakha ku ujabule umbuso wokuqala electronic ngumuntu kwakwakhe kokuba okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla halides amagesi inert. I kombhala labantu kufinyelelwa kalula njengoba isibalo molecule ezingeni eliyisisekelo liphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ujabule. Umgomo we-laser isinyathelo, ngamafuphi, kuyinto ukwedlulisela kusuka eboshiwe ujabule isimo electronic kuya dissociative isimo phansi. Inani labantu base-isimo phansi njalo asezingeni eliphansi, ngoba okwamanje engqamuzaneni Nqamula ku-athomu omoya-.

I-apharathasi begodu lasers isimiso liqukethe ukuthi tube osenyameni ligcwele inhlanganisela halide (F ₂₎ kanye negesi ezingavamile (Ar). Amaelectrons kuwo Nqamula futhi ionize amangqamuzana halide futhi udale ion ezimbi. ion Positive-Ari ⁺ futhi F negative ^- asabele futhi ukukhiqiza molecule ArF esimweni sokuqala ujabule elihlobene ne-ushintsho emva dudula isizinda nesimo kanye isizukulwane emisebeni ngalokulingene. laser Excimer, isimiso isinyathelo futhi ukusetshenziswa lapho sisuke sicabanga manje, ingasetshenziswa i-ukudonsa medium asebenzayo we udayi.

laser ketshezi

Kuqhathaniswa ukudla okuqinile, uketshezi kukhona eyohlobo ngaphezulu futhi ube kwabantu ephakeme zama-athomu asebenzayo, uma iqhathaniswa nayo amagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, awayona nzima ukukhiqiza, ukuvumela lula ukushabalalisa ukushisa futhi kalula kungenziwa indawo. Umgomo we isenzo laser isetshenziswa njengendlela medium nzuzo udayi organic, ezifana DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, nokunye okunjalo. D ., ziyoncibilika i kuphela ezifanele. Isixazululo yezinhlayiya udayi ijabule bemisebe kabani nombono has a ukumuncwa Coefficient ezinhle. Umgomo we-laser isinyathelo, ngamafuphi, kuyinto ukukhiqiza at inamandla eside, ngokuthi fluorescence. Umehluko phakathi amandla wakwamukela futhi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya sasikhipha esetshenziswa nonradiative amandla ukuhwebelana futhi heats ohlelweni.

Ebanzi band fluorescence lasers ketshezi inesimiso esiyingqayizivele - wavelength Tuning. Umgomo we operation kanye nokusebenzisa lolu hlobo njengoba laser tunable futhi umthombo anokuhambisana ukukhanya, buya ngokuya ezibalulekile spectroscopy, holography, futhi izicelo bezokwelapha.

Muva nje, lasers ziye zasetshenziswa ukudaya ngoba IKhompyuthaYami ngokuhlukana. Kulokhu, lo laser ngokukhetha vusa omunye wabo, esibatshela ukuqala ukusabela zamakhemikhali.