KumiswaIsayensi

Isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu: umlando kanye Imininingwane yesimanje

Isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu ingenye izinkinga eyisisekelo isayensi yesimanje. Ngokuqhubekayo ekhiqizwa kuleli ososayensi ucwaningo emkhakheni inikwe amandla hhayi kuphela izinga eliphakeme lokunemba ukunquma kuyini athomu, kodwa futhi ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa lolu ulwazi kulezo zimboni nokudala onobuhle ezintsha kwezikhali.

Umbuzo we ukwakheka kwazo zonke izinto emhlabeni ososayensi nesithakazelo kusukela kudala. Ngokwesibonelo, eGreece yasendulo Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo yayo ndaba ingenye futhi indivisible, futhi abaphikisi babo waphikelela ngokuthi ndaba uyahlukaniswa futhi akhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane - athomu, futhi ngenxa yalokho izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene ngakho komunye nomunye.

Breakthrough kulolu cwaningo of ukwakheka kwama-molecule kwenzeka ekhulwini XVIII, lapho imisebenzi MV University, Lavoisier, D. Dalton, A. Avogadro izisekelo babekwa-athomu theory yamangqamuzana, owawuthi zonke ngokwemvelo siqukethe amangqamuzana, nalabo yena, izinhlayiya indivisible - athomu, ogama ukuxhumana nomunye futhi inquma izakhiwo eziyisisekelo izinto ezihlukahlukene.

A esigabeni esisha ekuhloleni isakhiwo lwama-molecule ama-athomu eze ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, lapho E. uRutherford nabanye ososayensi eziningana ziye zathola okuholele isakhiwo athomu kanye nucleus yama-athomu liyavela ukukhanya entsha ngokuphelele. Ngakho, kwatholakala ukuthi i-athomu akuyona kuyizinhlayiyana indivisible, kunalokho, yakhiwa izingxenye ngisho ezincane - umongo kanye electron, okuyinto uhamba eduze nayo omise convoluted. Ubude athomu kokungathathi hlangothi kwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi ama-electron kokuba icala negative, izakhi kumele ibhalansiswe icala omuhle. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, lezi zinto zikhona: zingabantu ngokuthi ɑ-izinhlayiya, noma ama-proton.

ulwazi lesimanje lesayensi zisikisela ukuthi isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu kuyinto eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalelo lalibukeka ngisho eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Ngakho, namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi i-nucleus ye-athomu kuhlanganisa proton hhayi kuphela, kodwa izinhlayiya ungenalo ibuye - neutrons. Bebonke, ama-proton kanye neutrons abizwa ngokuthi nucleons. Kusukela mass neutron % 0.14 kuphela ephakeme ukwedlula mass-proton, bese ngokuvamile sibalo lo mehluko atinakwa.

Ubukhulu we-nucleus kukhona ngaphakathi 10-12 futhi 10-13 cm. Ngakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi it is bagxila kule core ezingaphezu kuka-95% isisindo athomu amasayizi athomu ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu izikhathi usayizi nucleus.

izici Major ambalwa lapho elichaza isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu kungenziwa ekhishwe lwezakhi DI Mendeleev. Njengoba yaziwa, inani proton nucleus ilingana isamba electron ezungeza futhi oluhambisana inani izici kuthebula. Ukuze ukwazi inani neutrons kuyadingeka ngoba mass ingqikithi element ongalususa inombolo bese zimikiswa kunombolo ephelele eseduze. Izinto ukuthi babe inani elifanayo proton kanye nenani neutrons zihlukile abizwa ngokuthi isotopes.

Omunye yemibuzo ebaluleke kunayo yonke ebuzwa ososayensi ukutadisha isakhiwo nucleus, kukhona umbuzo mayelana namandla ubambe proton, ngoba, ukuba icala elifanayo, kufanele ingasicasula. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ibanga phakathi proton nucleus lincane kangangokuthi umane asivelanga umuzwa wokwenyanya phakathi kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bions zazo ngokufanele phakathi proton ukuxhumana eduze futhi ukukhuthaza Luhambo njalo esidlule nomunye.

Isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu namanje uyazifihla eziningi eziyimfihlakalo. Ziyakwazi ukhiye hhayi kuphela ekusizeni isintu siziqonde kangcono idivayisi zomhlaba, kodwa futhi zangisiza ekwenzeni eqa qualitative kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe.

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