Ingxenye-ukuphila uranium: izici eziyinhloko futhi isicelo

Ukutadisha mkhuba imisebe, usosayensi othile sibhekisela kule izici ezibaluleke kakhulu njengoba isigamu-nokuphila. Njengoba wazi, umthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe uthi ngomzuzwana emhlabeni kukhona nokwahlukana-athomu, futhi isici ambalwa yalezi zinhlelo ngqo exhumene ne-athomu. Uma isikhathi esithile ngeke ubole kwesigamu sonke isibalo etholakalayo-athomu, le ½ kwamazinyo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu asele kuzodinga esilinganayo. It is ngalesi sikhathi libizwa nenxenye ukuphila. izakhi ezahlukene ke ihlukile - kusukela thousandths of millisecond ukuba eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane zezigidi, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, endabeni uma kuziwa esikhathini pro-kuphila we-uranium.

Uranium kuyinto olusindayo lwazo zonke izinto ezikhona e isimo zemvelo emhlabeni, ngokuvamile into enhle kakhulu ekutadisheni inqubo radioactivity. Lo msuka latholakala 1789 by usosayensi German M. Klaproth, ngubani wawuqamba yokudumisa iplanethi esisanda kutholakala Uranus. Iqiniso lokuthi uranium kuyinto enemisebe, kwathiwa ngephutha atholwe ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX yi French wemithi A. Becquerel.

Ingxenye-ukuphila ka-uranium ibalwa kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo njengoba nezikhathi okuhambisanayo nezinye izakhi enemisebe:

T_ {1/2} = au ln 2 = frac {ln 2} {lambda},

lapho «au» - kwempilo isilinganiso athomu, «lambda» - main kwamazinyo njalo. Njengoba LN 2 ecishe ilingane 0.7, nenxenye impilo% 30 kuphela ngokwesilinganiso emifushane ngaphandle Imininingwane esaphila athomu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuze kube manje, ososayensi 14 eyaziwa isotopes ka-uranium ngokwemvelo yabo kwenzeke nje ezintathu: nokwe-uranium-234, i-uranium-235 kanye nokwe-uranium-238. Ingxenye-ukuphila ka-uranium lihlukile: icala U-234 nguye iminyaka eyinkulungwane 270 "kuphela", nengxenye-ukuphila nokwe-uranium-238 idlula bhiliyoni 4.5. nokwe-uranium-235 nengxenye-ukuphila kule "kusho osemqoka" - eminyakeni million 710.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-uranium-radioactivity vivo siphakeme ngokwanele ukuze, isibonelo, ipuleti enezithombe ukukhanyisa kungakapheli amahora kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyafaneleka ukuthi yonke IKhompyuthaYami uranium U-235 kuphela ofanele womshini ofakwe for ibhomu lenuzi. Into wukuthi nokwe-uranium-235 isigamu-nokuphila endaweni yezimboni lingaphansi okukhulu kunalokho 'labafowabo', ngakho-ke ekhishwa neutrons ezingadingekile zimbalwa futhi ziyantula.

nokwe-uranium-238, nenxenye ukuphila Nokho kakhulu iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 4,, futhi manje kabanzi umkhakha zenuzi. Ngakho njengoba ukuqala ukusabela chain of ukuqoqwa of nuclei esindayo lapho lesi sakhi kudingeka imali ethe neutron amandla. 238 isetshenziswa njengoba Ukuvikelwa e ukuqoqwa kanye Fusion amadivaysi. Nokho, iningi ekhishwe nokwe-uranium-238 isetshenziselwa synthesis plutonium yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izikhali zenuzi.

Ubude isigamu-ukuphila ososayensi uranium zisebenzisa ukubala engu-amaminerali ngabanye kanye kwezindikimba zasezulwini bebonke. Uranium amawashi kukhona indlela sasivumela jikelele izibalo ezinjengalezi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi ubudala ibilokhu kubalwa kahle ucishe, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi inani uranium e izinhlobo ezahlukene, kodwa futhi isilinganiso uranium phila njengoba umkhiqizo wokugcina, okuyinto iguqulwe nucleus uranium.

Kukhona enye indlela esingathola ukubala amatshe namaminerali, ihlobene okubizwa ngokuthi nokuguqulwa ukuqoqwa of uranium. Njengoba kwaziwa kahle ngenxa ye ukuqoqwa okuzenzakalelayo uranium ezimweni engokwemvelo nezinhlayiya ngamandla ezinkulukazi inqwaba inombolo kukhona izinto, ashiya insalela babo naye obukhetheke - amathrekhi.

Kungenxa inani amathrekhi, njengokuba nazi isikhathi isigamu-ukuphila uranium, futhi ososayensi waphetha ngobudala umzimba ngendlela elukhuni - noma ngabe kuyinto Ukuvezwa lasendulo, noma vase kuqhathaniswa "abasha". Into wukuthi engu-into ngokuqondile wakhona izinkomba ambalwa zama-athomu uranium, okuyinto inqwaba enkabeni yalo.