Dzhon Dalton - IsiZulu usosayensi-enqoleni ka XVIII leminyaka

Chaza okukhethekile yesayensi eyodwa kuphela, lapho singasho sithi Dzhon Dalton, kunzima. Omunye izazi abahlonishwa kakhulu futhi ovelele ngesikhathi sakhe, kwaba se-physics, wemithi, umbikezeli wezulu. Akwaziwa imisebenzi yakhe enikelwe olimini lwesiNgisi livela kwelesiLatini. Waqale wafunda ukungapheleli imibala, eyayintula futhi kamuva ababizwa ngegama layo - colorblind.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kukathisha wafundisa

Universalism imibono yakhe yesayensi nokwehluka izithakazelo ucwaningo kungenziwa kancane alichaza ngokuntula kwakhe imfundo yasesikoleni ensimini ethile. Dzhon Dalton wazalwa 6 Septhemba 1766 edolobheni Iglsfilde, County Kimberlend enyakatho yeNgilandi, emndenini oswele womeluki. Abazali bakhe amaQuaker, labo abasiphikisayo, ukuphika konke ehlangene iSonto olusemthethweni of England, ngakho Ukuvakashela izikhungo zemfundo ngoba uJohane kwakungenakwenzeka.

Isidingo uthole esemncane, ikhono eliphezulu nesifiso ukuze sizuze ulwazi kuye kwaholela yi ezingalindelekile. Ngenxa ujwayele John Gouhom, izimpumputhe sefilosofi-isazi, amnikeza ingxenye ulwazi lwabo futhi kanzima self-imfundo, Dzhon Dalton nge engu-12 ngaqala ukusebenza njengoba uthisha esikoleni yasemakhaya.

Dalton meteorology

Dalton kwaba emphakathini kokuqala umsebenzi, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "kokuma Meteorological kanye nakho" (1793). Ngenxa wakhe, wahlangana ne ososayensi owasiza uthisha osemusha ukuthuthela Manchester futhi uthole isikhundla ukufundisa wezibalo okusha College. Isithakazelo meteorology beza kuye nge ajwayelane-Elihu Robinson, ososayensi nonjiniyela esuka kubo Iglsfilda. Dzhon Dalton emsebenzini wakhe, equkethe ngandise imiqondo aholela ekubeni kuvulwa ikusasa imithetho igesi, ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kumiswa notshwala asemkhathini, ehlongozwayo ngu George Headley.

Ngo 1787, usosayensi waqala sigcine idayari kokuma sezulu. Dzhon Dalton, ogama biography ithakazelisa kakhulu futhi uyafundisa, entry lokugcina idayari iye buthaka isandla ngemva kweminyaka engu-57. Lamarekhodi zibangelwa Ukutadisha Ukwakheka asemkhathini - impumelelo enkulu kakhulu Dalton kwamakhemikhali ne-physics. Omunye wabantu bokuqala Yaqala ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa emoyeni eziphakeme ezahlukene, okwenza amakhambo waqobe ukuya ezintabeni Lake District enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe.

colorblindness

Eyesibili umsebenzi enkulu usosayensi yayizimisele kolimi - "Izici English Grammar" (eyanyatheliswa ngo-1801), kodwa ke ukunaka kwakhe wakhangwa yayo umbono isici elihlobene ne imibala. Ngemva kokuphila iminyaka engu-35, wathola ukuthi ubona umbala ehlukile kunabantu abaningi, futhi ukuthi isici esifanayo has umfowabo. Sashesha saqonda ukuthi akusiyo kuphela Ukwahlukaniswa imibala (umbala, anibizela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kulokho abanye wayecabanga ukuthi), Dalton wazwakalisa imicabango yakhe mayelana izimbangela zalesi simo.

Isiphetho sokuthi isimo lezinceku le nkinga wayeqinisile, kodwa incazelo iso amakhorali yakhe ketshezi kamuva achithwa. Ucwaningo olujulile futhi okwakhe yokusondela inkinga, okuyinto zakhiwa ukuze ososayensi esihlokweni esithi "amacala UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki umbala" (1794), babe imbangela yobulukhuni elithi, okuyinto Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye esetshenziswa bamehlo.

igesi theory

Amandla bafika eziphethweni Ukufunda ucwaningo eziholela ezindaweni ahlobene isayensi - ngesisekelo indlela lokusungula, okungenza wayesazi kahle Dzhon Dalton. Okutholakele kwamakhemikhali ne-physics, wenza, ngokuvamile zisekelwe ucwaningo olufanayo. Kusukela esifundweni ebangelwa umkhathi, nemifudlana, ukwakha isimo sezulu, yena bashintshele Ukutadisha ekuxhumaneni yamagesi ezisuselwa kuzakhiwo zalo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali - ukuminyana, ingcindezi, njll ngemiphumela yalo msebenzi akavunyelwe ukwenza nokwatholakala in the corpuscular kuye - .. Atomic - ubunjalo ketshezi.

Ufundza kusebentisa amagesi kwaholela ekutholakaleni Dalton imithetho eziningana ezibalulekile: phezu esinqunyiwe (umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya yezingxenye ngazinye) izingcindezi ingxube gas (1801), umthetho ukunwetshwa ezishisayo of igesi (1802) kanye amaphethini nokonakala yamagesi e uketshezi (1803). Isiphetho sokuthi ubukhulu umehluko ngama-athomu akha amagesi khona ezishisayo imvilophi okoloatomnoy Dalton avunyelwe sichaze uhlobo ukunwetshwa amagesi lapho evuthayo, ukwanda okusheshayo yabo futhi ingcindezi kuncike kule mibandela zangaphandle.

ithiyori Dalton sika-athomu

Umqondo wokuthi konke emvelweni inezigaba amancane indivisible, yayisivele esashiwo abalobi basendulo. Kodwa kwakungegazi Dalton kwanikeza la imibono physicality. Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe zavuka eziningana:

• Zonke izinto ezibonakalayo iyokwakhiwa kencanikhulu - indivisible, wadala kanye izinhlayiya - ama-athomu.
• Atoms athi unesimo esifana mass kanye nosayizi.
• Athomu ezakhi ezahlukene ziyehluka ngobukhulu kanye nesisindo.
• Okuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyizinhlayiyana izinto aqukethe eziningi izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-athomu.
• Isisindo izinhlayiya esiyinhlanganisela lomcebo ilingana nenani lezinombolo kwabo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ephambili.

imodeli alondolozwe ngokucophelela engqamuzaneni, Dalton eyenziwe ubuhlalu ngokhuni. Okufanela ezinkulu usosayensi - senza ngokuvumelana nomqondo yesayensi isihlobo-athomu isisindo ukuzimisela athomu hydrogen njengoba yamangqamuzana amayunithi wesisindo. mass Atomic baba izidakamizwa eziyisisekelo ambalwa isici kwamakhemikhali. Hhayi konke ukubuka Dalton isakhiwo athomu ndaba kukahle ngenxa yokuntuleka ukuthuthukiswa physics jikelele, kodwa imfundiso yakhe usekhonze njengephayona yisisusa esinamandla ulwazi ye-athomu.

ukuqashelwa

Bambalwa bakwazi ukufeza kwezesayensi eziqongweni, saba nesiqalo ezinzima, njengoba Dzhon Dalton. Umlando Omfushane usosayensi - sibonelo esigqamile kanjani ukuzimisela futhi bomele ulwazi ziyashintsha umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato. It ikuvumela ukulandelela indlela yokuba ubuntu namandla ubone belunjani ekuguquleni umfana ukuthi alinaso amathuba okuthola uhlelo ezibucayi imfundo, izinkolelo zabazali ngubani Uvale indlela eyunivesithi, ngo sesayensi wonke amazwe omhlaba, ilungu zezifundiswa ehlonishwayo yesayensi yeYurophu.

Zimbalwa izibonelo emlandweni A devotee enjalo, ukuzinikela cishe Izigodlo isayensi, okwaholela Dzhon Dalton. Photo ekumeni ibhecwe usosayensi esikhathini bokugcina bokuphila, bonisa ngendoda eyayinikeza wonke amandla umsebenzi methodical futhi kanzima.

umvuzo Dalton kwakungu ukuqashelwa ozakwabo nabafundi. Esifanekisweni usosayensi ifakiwe emnyango Royal College of Manchester, lapho efundisa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlelo ukuqashelwa ikhule ibe nodumo embulungeni yonke.