Ososayensi edume kunazo kanye zezibalo. Abesifazane ku-Mathematics

Isayensi nse Sekuyisikhathi eside baziswa isintu. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezibalo yamaGreki asendulo Euclid Usebe negalelo ezinjalo ezibalulekile kule ndawo ukuthi ezinye ayekutholile Namanje lafundvwako esikoleni. Ukuvulwa basonta kwabesifazane nabesilisa, abantu abavela emazweni ehlukene kanye nabamele eminyaka ahlukene. Yini ukuma abaluleke kakhulu? Ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe.

Ada Lavleys

Hhayi indima yokugcina eyadlalwa ngesiNgisi. Abesifazane ku-Mathematics kungase kungabi eminingi kangaka kodwa ngokuvamile umnikelo wabo kuyinto eliyisisekelo. Lokhu kuhlobene umsebenzi ady Lavleys. Daughter of odumile weNkosi Byron, yena wazalwa ngo-December ka-1815. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, watshengisa ithalenta izibalo, ngokushesha ukuqonda noma yisiphi isihloko esisha. Nokho, amathalenta ngokwesiko njengabesifazane sahlanganisa Ada - it is kahle kudlalwa umculo ngokuvamile lady enhle kakhulu. Bekanye Charles Babbage, wasebenza ukuthola ukuthuthukiswa uhlelo izibalo amakhompyutha. On ikhava yemisebenzi Imininingwane babe zokuqala wakhe kuphela - Iimbalo zesifazane ngaleso sikhathi kwaba okuthile okuyihlazo. Namuhla, kubhekwa ukuthi eyasungulwa kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala maqondana ekubunjweni ngezilimi computer. Kwaba Ada Lovelace basonta umqondo lomjikelezo, usabalalisa amakhadi, eziningi algorithm emangalisayo futhi izibalo. Ngisho kwamanje, imisebenzi yakhe Okwaphawuleka for ezingeni njengabawufanelekele professional abathweswe iziqu.

Emmi Neter

Enye uyakufanelekela Ukukhuluma zezemfundo wazalelwa emndenini sezibalo Maksa Netera e Erlangen. Ngesikhathi irisidi yayo amantombazane ababevunyelwe ukungena eyunivesithi, futhi walaliswa ngokusemthethweni udumo nabafundi abaningana. Ngatadisha noPawulu Gordan, wasiza nasekwenzeni Emmy bavikela mqondo wakhe ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela invariants. Ngo-1915 Noether negalelo elikhulu emsebenzini theory jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto. izibalo wakhe bajabula kakhulu yena Albert Eynshteyn. Sezibalo esidumile Hilbert wafuna ukwenza kube likaprofesa e-University of Gottingen, kodwa osolwazi zengqondo awavunyelwe ukuze uthole i-Emmy izikhundla. Nokho, ngokuvamile ozongitshela. Ngo-1919, yena namanje wakwazi ukuthola indawo okufanele, kwathi ngo-1922 waba uprofesa tenured. Kuye kwakha Noether isiqondiso algebra abstract. Emmy ababephila ngesikhathi ukukhumbula indlela emangalisayo owesifazane ohlakaniphile futhi ebukekayo. Ingxoxo naye babehola ochwepheshe, kuhlanganise nososayensi Russian kanye zezibalo. Umsebenzi wakhe kunemtselela isayensi kuze kube yilolu suku.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

Okokuqala, ososayensi nezazi zezibalo ngokuvamile baphumelele yokuthi ukubaluleka kwabo kakhulu isayensi yesimanje. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngoba UNikolai Lobachevsky. Kusukela 1802 kuya 1807, wafunda sokuzivocavoca bese esikolweni Kazan inyuvesi, lapho wawudume ulwazi physics kanye mathematics okungavamile, futhi 1811 wathola ezingeni zeMasters futhi baqala ukulungiselela ukuthola isihloko Uprofesa. Ngo 1826 th ebhala umsebenzi kumigomo geometry, okuyinto yashintsha imiqondo isikhala. Ngo 1827 waba li of the nyuvesi. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, uJehova edala uchungechunge imisebenzi ku izingabunjalo physics kanye ne-Mechanics, waphakamisa lo cwaningo algebra kwenye ezingeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yakhe wathonya ngisho ku art Russian - iminonjana Lobachevskian kubonakala ngemisebenzi Malevich futhi Khlebnikov.

Anri Puankare

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ososayensi abaningi, zezibalo wasebenza theory wokuhlobana kwezinto. Esinye sazo kwakungu-Anri Puankare. ukukhohliseka sakhe singasuki engamukeleki e kwamaSoviet, ngakho ososayensi Russian baye basebenzisa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe kuphela imisebenzi ekhethekile - ngaphandle kwabo kwakunzima kakhulu zihlanganyele lapho kutadishwa wezibalo, i-physics noma ukufunda izinkanyezi. Emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, Anri Puankare ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela System Dynamics kanye yomphindwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe waba isisekelo sezinguqulo ekutadisheni bifurcation amaphuzu futhi yabika ngezinhlekelele, izinqubo lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye komnotho omkhulu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, Poincaré ngokwakhe wavuma ukulinganiselwa okwakwaziwa ososayensi algorithm ngisho enikelwe incwadi zefilosofi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yashicilela isihloko sayo saqale esetshenziswa Lesimiso sokuhlobana - Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ngaphambi Einstein.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

Bambalwa abesifazane Russian ososayensi emkhakheni wezibalo okwethulwa indaba. Sofia Kovalevskaya wazalwa ngo-January 1850. Wayengumngane sezibalo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi isikhulumi kanye lady wokuqala, kamuva owaba ilungu ohambelana we Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Sezibalo akhethwe wakhe ngaphandle kokuphikisa. Kusukela 1869 wafunda e Heidelberg futhi 1874 kwethulwa th wezesayensi imisebenzi emithathu, okwaphumela eyunivesithi Gottingen ukhishwa wakhe isihloko Doctor of Philosophy. Nokho, e-Russia ke ayikwazanga ukuthola indawo enyuvesi. Ngo-1888, wabhala amaphepha okuqinile umzimba ukujikisa, okuyiwona wayinqoba Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is uyabandakanyeka umsebenzi wokubhala - kuba umbhali kule noveli "Nihilist" futhi idrama ethi "Ukushikashikekela Injabulo", kanye umlando umndeni "Izinkumbulo Ebuntwaneni", eyabhalwa cishe ukuphila ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Evarist Galua

ososayensi French kanye zezibalo bathole okuningi ebalulekile emkhakheni algebra futhi geometry. Omunye ochwepheshe baba Evarist Galua, owazalelwa e-Okthoba ka-1811 eziseduze nase-Paris. Ngenxa yalokho sokulungiselela ngenkuthalo wangena Lyceum uLouis Elikhulu. Kakade 1828, wanyathelisa umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, olwaluhlanganisa isihloko gqwa amafraktjhini baqhubeka. Ngo 1830 ke wangeniswa Jwayelekile School, kodwa ngemva konyaka waxoshwa okubi. Usosayensi abanamakhono waqala imisebenzi yakhe wamavukelambuso, futhi kakade 1832, yaphela izinsuku zakhe. Washiya sizoqukatha izisekelo algebra yesimanje futhi geometry, kanye Ukwahlukaniswa irrationalities - le mfundiso ukuthi ogama lakhe behlonipha Galois.

per Ferma

Ezinye zezibalo oluvelele washiya uphawu abalulekile enjalo, ukuthi imisebenzi yabo wafunda kuze kube manje. Sekuyisikhathi eside theorem zokugcina Fermat yaqhubeka unproven, zindawo zokusesha ezethusayo up izingqondo engcono. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Pierre owasebenza ngayo ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Wazalwa ngo-August 1601, emkhayeni ukuhweba inxusa. Ngaphezu sciences ngqo, Ipulazi wayazi izilimi - Latin, ngesiGreki, iSpanishi, isiNtaliyane, futhi wayedume njengesazi-mlando ezinkulu endala. A emkhakheni akwenza wakhetha umthetho. Ngo Orleans, wathola iziqu ze-bachelor, ngemva kwalokho wathuthela Toulouse, lapho aba kumeluleki wePalamende. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, wabhala azibhala zezibalo, elaba isisekelo geometry kohlaziyo. Kodwa yonke iminikelo abazenzayo nohlolwe kuphela ngemva kokufa kwakhe - ngaphambi yimuphi umsebenzi alikakashicilelwa. Imisebenzi ebalulekile kunazo abazinikele izingabunjalo, indlela kuhlaziywa ndawo, aphakeme futhi aphansi amanani, Curves kanye parabolas.

Karl Gauss

Akubona bonke ososayensi zezibalo ukutholakala kwawo ekhumbulekayo ngakho emlandweni wesintu, efana Gauss. Umholi-German wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 1777. Ngisho nangesikhathi beseyizingane wabonisa ithalente lakhe emangalisayo kwi-mathematics, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwaba isazi waqaphela futhi ilungu ohambelana zezifundiswa eziningana Sciences. Ngazakhela umsebenzi eliyisisekelo enikelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo ne-Aljibhra ephakeme. Umnikelo main - umsebenzi wokwakha heptadecagon, okusekelwe kuso, Gauss basungula i algorithm Computing emzileni iplanethi okubonwa eziningana. Umsebenzi eyisisekelo "Umbono we ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini" yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo astronomy yesimanje. Igama lakhe wanikwa endaweni kumephu of the Moon.

Karl Weierstrass

Lokhu sezibalo German azalelwe Ostenfeld. Bafunde e-Faculty yomthetho, kodwa iminyaka ukuqeqeshwa ayethanda ukufunda isayensi yezibalo. Ngo-1840 wabhala amaphepha imisebenzi elliptic. Kuye kuyofikwa ezitholwe zakhe wamavukelambuso. imfundiso eqinile Weierstrass kwaba ngesisekelo izingabunjalo. Kusukela 1842 umsebenzi nguthishela, futhi ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula ukwenza ucwaningo. I 1854th yashicilela isihloko ku imisebenzi Abelian, futhi wathola isihloko Doctor of University Kenigsberskogo. Ososayensi abahamba phambili baye eshicilelwe Izibuyekezo rave ngakho. Ezweni 1856 m ngabona esinye isihloko abakhaliphile ke Weierstrass wamukelwe onguprofesa Berlin University, bambeka ilungu Academy of Sciences. Ikhwalithi umxhwele izinkulumo wamenza ezidumile emhlabeni wonke. Wethula imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo zangempela, bararulule imiraro engaba eziningi Mechanics futhi geometry. Ngo-1897, wafa emirarweni Umkhuhlane. It lethiwa wentaba kwenyanga yesimanje Berlin Mathematical Institute. Weierstrass namanje eyaziwa ngokuthi omunye wothisha onamakhono kunabo emlandweni eJalimane futhi emhlabeni wonke.

Zhan Batist Fure

Igama usosayensi eyaziwa kahle emhlabeni wonke. Fourier waba uprofesa Paris ecole Polytechnique. Ezinsukwini Napoleon iqhaza emikhankasweni wezempi, futhi ngemva wamiswa nemantshi enkulu le Isère, lapho wahlanganyela onobuhlakani wokuvukela umbuso ka physics - waqala ukufunda ukushisa. Kusukela 1816 wayeyilungu Paris Academy of Sciences futhi ishicilelwe umsebenzi wakhe. Sanikezelwa tiyori kohlaziyo ukushisa. Kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-May 1830 ishicilele futhi phezu conductivity ezishisayo, ukubala izimpande zibalo algebraic nezindlela Isaaka Nyutona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uye basungula indlela emele imisebenzi efana Trigonometric chungechunge. Manje ngaphansi kwegama Fourier ezaziwayo. Usosayensi wakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza imisebenzi esebenzisa ebalulekile - leli su nalo kabanzi isayensi yesimanje. Fourier wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi umuphi umugqa ngokungenasizathu kungenziwa emelelwa umusho owodwa zezibalo. Ngo-1823 wathola umphumela thermoelectric komhiaba superposition. Igama Zhana Batista Fourier lihlotshaniswa ezihlukahlukene eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma nokwatholakala ibalulekile ngoba zonke nesifundo sezibalo zanamuhla noma physics.