I-radioactivity yemvelo

I-radioactivity yemvelo ikhona empilweni yethu yonke indawo, iyingxenye yendawo yokuhlala yabantu. Lesi senzakalo satholwa ngo-1896 ngumsayense ongumFulentshi okuthiwa u-A. Becquerel, owathola umthombo we-radioactivity yemvelo ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuzama ukuhlola umphumela esitokisini sezithombe esasiboshwe ephepheni elimnyama elikhanyisa i-zinc sulfide.

Iyini i-radioactivity yemvelo? Lolu shintsho lwe- nuclei ye- athomu lenye yamakhemikhali e-nuclei yama-athomu wesinye isici. Le nqubo ihlale ihambisana nemisebe yomsakazo. Umnikelo omkhulu ekutadisheni le nkinga wenziwa ngumsunguli owaziwayo uMaria Sklodowska-Curie. Kwakuyi-1898 ukuthi wathola izici ze-radium ne-polonium.

Ososayensi-physicists baye bafakazela ukuthi i-radioactivity yemvelo ayihambisani nezinguquko ngaphansi kwethonya lezimo zangaphandle. Kungaba ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-proton, kanye ne-proton amabili.

I-radioactivity yemvelo ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: imisebe ye- cosmic , izinto ezinomsakazo ezihlala phansi, kanye nomthombo wemisebe etholakala ezakhiweni zokwakha, ekudleni nasemanzini.

Uma sibalwa njengephesenti, i-radioactivity yemvelo ingamelwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: I-73% ingenxa yomthelela wemithombo yemisebe yemvelo esezindaweni zonke eziseduze nathi, u-13% wadalwa ngenxa yezinqubo zokwelapha (okubaluleke kakhulu ku-fluoroscopy), no-14% wemisindo Phuma emisebeni evela engaphandle.

Imisebe ye-solar ineamandla amakhulu, kodwa umhlaba uvikelekile ngokwemvelo, kodwa, ukuphakama kwebanga elivela eMhlabeni, kunomthelela omkhulu wemisebe ye-cosmic. Ososayensi baqaphela ukuphindaphindiwe komphumela walo wonke amamitha ayi-1000. Isibonelo, lapho uhamba ngendiza, lapho uthola ukuphakama kwamamitha angaba ngu-10 000, izinga lokushisa imisebe elingaphansi kwegumbi lidlula izinga lemvelo cishe izikhathi ezingu-10.

Ukuqubuka okwenzeka ngezikhathi ngezikhathi kuLanga nakho kuyisici esinamandla kunazo zonke emlandweni "wemvelo". Imithombo elandelayo yizinhlayiya eziyingxenye yezakhiwo zokwakha, udoti olumayelana nokushisa amalahle, kanye nomanyolo we-phosphorus.

Iliphi izinga le-radioactivity yemvelo emhlabeni? Ososayensi baye babala ukuthi liguquguquka inani le-5 -20 micro-roentgen ngehora. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isintu sibhekene nombuzo wokuthi ukulimala okunjalo kungalimaza kanjani umsebenzi obalulekile wabantu abahlala emhlabeni wethu.

Kulolu daba, izitatimende zesosayensi ziyamangalisa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi umonakalo ovela emisebeni yinto engabalulekile, kuyilapho abanye bathi kubangela izifo ezinzima neziguquko, kodwa kusobala ukuthi lolu daba ludinga ucwaningo olujulile.

Abantu abakwazi ukuthonya kakhulu imvelaphi ye-radioactive, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuzivikela ethonyeni lalezo zinto ezimbi ezidlula amanani avumelekile.

Ama-unit of measurement of radioactivity:

• 1 rem = 0.01 Sievert;
• 1 mrem = 0.01 million Sievert.

Imisebe ye-cosmic ilingana nomthamo waminyaka yonke ka-30 mb (300 μSv), kodwa, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni ephakeme cishe ngo-10 km, umthamo we-irradiation uzoba ngaphezulu kakhulu. Izinga lemisebe lihlukile kumazwekazi ahlukene nakwamanye amazwe. EFrance, e-United States naseJapane, liyizigidi ezingama-30 kuya ku-60 ngonyaka. Inani lala mazwe aphumelelayo lithola u-100-150 mb wemisebe njalo ngonyaka ngenxa yendawo yangasese etholakalayo. E-Russia, le nkhomba ihlanganisa 65 mrem / ngonyaka.

Izindlela lapho izinto ezinomsakazo zingena emzimbeni zingahluka kakhulu. Okuvamile kubo: ngokusebenzisa amaphaphu, ngokudla, esikhumbeni ngokumunca. Isizinda esikhukhulayo se-radioactive sithinta kabi umzimba womuntu. Izinto ezinobungozi zisatshalaliswa ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke umzimba womuntu ohlukunyeziwe. Uma ucabangisisa yonke imithombo yama-radionuclides, umthamo wonyaka womuntu ngokwesilinganiso ungama-135 mrem.