I-J002E3 (i-asteroid). Okungaqondakali eduze-umhlaba into J002E3

I-J002E3 - i-asteroid, ngonyaka ka-2002, ingxenye yezindaba. Izinhloko zezindaba ezikhangayo zakha ukunakwa futhi zathembisa ulwazi oluningi oluthakazelisayo. Amagama ezinhlobonhlobo ezinjengokuthi "Iplanethi yethu ine-satellite yesibini!" Futhi "Umhlaba usondela ku-asteroid!" Kwaphela isikhathi esivumelaniswe kokubili kokushicilelwa kwimidiya nakwezingcingo zenethiwekhi. Nokho, lesi siphepho sasihlala ngokushesha. Kwakuyini, futhi yikuphi okulandelwa ngemuva kwe-J002E3 (i-asteroid), futhi kuxoxwa ngezansi.

Ukuvula into

Njengoba kuyaziwa, isayensi yezinkanyezi ingenye yezesayensi ezimbalwa lapho isidingo sokwenza izinto ezingenasici se-amateurs sigcinwe. Izinto eziningi ezitholakale zenzeke ngenxa yokuqapha kwabantu abacabangela ukubukela isibhakabhaka ngokuzilibazisa kwabo. Ngakho kwakuyisikhathi.

Isazi sezinkanyezi esivela kuCalifornia, uBill Young, sathola isidumbu esasibonwa ngaphambili nanoma ubani osendaweni eseduze. Wacabangela into leyo engumngane wesibili weplanethi yethu, eyashesha ukutshela ozakwabo abasebenza naye. Kwenzeka ngoSeptemba 3, 2002. Into e-Centre ye amaplanethi amancane yabelwa inombolo J002E3. I-asteroid ngokushesha yaba isikhungo sokuphikisana okukhulu phakathi kososayensi.

Izici ze-satellite entsha

I-flight trajectory yento yahlolwa. Kwavela ukuthi cishe kabili kude noMhlaba njengenyanga. Ekufinyeleleni okuphezulu emhlabeni, i-J002E3 ihamba ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-300 ukusuka kuyo, enenani elilinganiselwa ku-840. Mayelana nenye impindiselo emhlabeni jikelele, i-asteroid ichitha cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu.

Lo mzimba wezitho zomzimba uhlukile kusukela eNyangeni ngobukhulu. Esinye sezilinganiso zokuqala ngobukhulu be-asteroid sichaza njengento engamamitha angu-50 ububanzi. Yonke le datha ivunyelwe ukucabanga ukuthi i- satellite yesibili yemvelo yeMhlaba inemvelaphi engokoqobo.

Inzalo yesayensi

Ngenxa yobuqili bokusebenzisana kwenyanga kanye nesiplanethi yethu, noma yiziphi izinto eziwela emjikelezweni womhlaba oseduzane zixoshwa kukho emva kwesikhathi esithile. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bafika ngokucabanga okunengqondo ukuthi i-asteroid yavela enkundleni yezindiza efanayo nje kamuva. Futhi lokhu kwadingeka kwabafundi bezinkanyezi ngokubaluleke kakhulu kunemvelaphi ye-J002E3. I-asteroid, ngokusho kososayensi, yathathwa yinkambu yokucindezela yomhlaba wethu ngo-Ephreli-Meyi 2002, okungukuthi, ngaphambi nje kokutholakala.

Yindlela yokwenyuka kwe-cosmic okungaxhunyiwe kuyo yonke indawo futhi inesithakazelo esikhulu kubafundi bezinkanyezi. Iqiniso liwukuthi lidlala indima eqinile ngisho noma imizimba emikhulu njengenyanga iwela kule ndawo. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi abazange bakwazi ukusondelana kakhulu ukuhlola ukucabanga kwabo kokubanjwa kwe-satellite. Izenzakalo ezifanayo zomlando wesayensi wonke azange zenzeke okwamanje.

Okumvelo noma okufakelwayo

Ngokuqondene nomsuka wesathelayithi entsha, ezinye izinguqulo ezikhona kungenzeka zaxoxwa isikhathi esithile, kodwa ochwepheshe bafika ngokushesha esiphethweni esihlangene. I-asteroid J002E3 yaqashelwa njengengxenye yesithathu yemoto yokuqalisa "Saturn-5", eyasusa i-Apollo-12 spacecraft emhlabeni. Ngokusobala, isikhathi esiningi kusukela ngo-1969, lapho sisesesikhala esiphezulu, isiteji sasizungeza i-Sun futhi kuphela ekutholeni ukutholakala, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, sathunjwa amandla amakhulu.

Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe

Ngokushesha umbono wesosayensi wawusekelwa ubufakazi. Ochwepheshe be-University of Arizona basebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-spectral ukuthola ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nendawo. Ngemuva kokuhlaziya ukukhanya okwakuboniswa ku-J002E3, bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi umkhondo we-titanium oxide ukhona ebusweni bomzimba we-cosmic. Lesi sakhi sasinepende elimhlophe, elimboza umzimba we-rocket yenethiwekhi "Saturn-5". Imiphumela efanayo yatholwa abacwaningi emva kokutadisha into ngokusebenzisa isibonakude se-infrared.

Umlando omncane

Kuyafaneleka ukuhlala kulokho okwakunhlelo lwe-Apollo. Le phrojekthi, ekugcineni kwesinye sezigameko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokuhlola isikhala, yasungulwa yi-NASA. Umgomo wokuzikhandla welo hlelo wawuhlezi ngokuya enyangeni. Uhlelo lwe-Apollo, olwamukelwa ngo-1961, lwasetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana futhi lwaqedwa ngo-1975. Ukufika okuphumelelayo kokuqala ngoMsombuluko, okwakubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kwenziwa ngo-1969. Ochwepheshe bezinkanyezi ababehamba ngezinyawo endaweni yesiplanethi yethu beyiNeil Armstrong noBuzz Aldrin. Wabanikela enyangeni "Apollo 11". Khona-ke amanye ama-satellite amahlanu atholwa kwi-satellites ngesathelayithi .

Le phrojekthi isengenakwenzeka. Emlandweni wokuhlola isikhala, kwakungekho izinhlelo zokuqalisa ngokuphumelelayo zokufika kwabantu ngendlela efana ne-satellite yesiplanethi yethu. Phakathi kwezimpumelelo zeprojekthi:

• "I-Apollo-8" ngumkhumbi owawungowokuqala ukungena ku-intanethi yesikhala esingeyona iMhlaba;
• Ukufika okuyisithupha kwenyanga;
• "I-Apollo-17" iyisikhathi sokugcina esikhatsini sezindiza esikhiqiza izinkanyezi esiteshini sesiplanethi yethu.

Qalisa imoto

Njengoba wazi, izindiza zemikhumbi ye-Apollo zithunyelwa ngosizo lwezimoto ezikhethekile. Futhi yilapho i- "Saturn-5" okukhulunywe ngenhla ifika endaweni yesehlakalo. Le moto yemoto iqhaza ekusakazweni kwayo yonke imikhumbi ye-Apollo kuya eNyangeni, futhi kamuva yasetshenziselwa imiklamo ye-Skylab ne-Soyuz-Apollo. Yayinezigaba ezintathu, ishintshana njalo futhi yanikeza umkhumbi ukusheshisa okudingekayo. Isigaba sesithathu sasebenza kabili: emva kokususa okwesibili nangemva kwesikhathi esithile ngemuva kokungena ku-orbit. Ekuphetheni komsebenzi wabo, isigaba sesithathu sezimoto ngaphambi kokuba i-Apollo-13 isungulwe kumjikelezo we-solar.

I-asteroid J002E3, eyaphazanyisa izazi zezinkanyezi ekupheleni kuka-2002, yaba yisigaba sesithathu salinye lala makhredithithi othwala. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyi-"Saturn-5", eyanikeza ukuhambela kwesibili eNyangeni (abasebenzi be-"Apollo-12").

I-flight trajectory

Olunye ubufakazi obusekelwe emlandweni ofanayo "nomngane wesibili" yiyona ndlela ayinqobile ngaphambi kokungena emjikelezweni womhlaba. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi le nto yayikhuluma nge-orbit ye-heliocentric iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Ngenxa yokusondela komzila wendiza yeplanethi yethu, i-asteroid J002E3 yathunjwa ngamandla amakhulu eMhlaba futhi yaqala ukujikeleza kuyo.

Ngo-2002-2003, i-asteroid yadlula umhlaba izikhathi eziningana. Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi uzoqeda uhambo lwakhe ngokuwela eNyangeni, lapho izinyathelo zesithathu zamarokhethi ezithwala izinto sezivele zihambisa imikhumbi ye-Apollo kusuka esikhaleni kuya ku-13 kuya ku-17. Nokho, lokhu akukenzeki: into yaxoshwa ngaphandle kwe-orbit. Cishe, uzobuya eMhlabeni ngo-2032.

Ingozi enobungozi

Lapho abezindaba bebika ukuthi i-asteroid iyahamba eMhlabeni, umuntu ovamile ngokushesha uphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi imiphumela iyoba yini uma ehamba, futhi izithombe ezikhanyayo zenhlekelele jikelele zidonsa ekhanda lakhe. Endabeni kaJ002E3, ukwesaba kwakuyize. Ubukhulu besiteji se-rocket yenethiwekhi buncane kakhulu: ubukhulu bungama-tani angu-20, ubude buba ngamamitha angu-18 ububanzi buyizingamamitha angu-6.6. Abantu abasebenza ngobuchwepheshe besayensi yezinkanyezi bayazi ukuthi uma i-asteroid enezilinganiso ezifanayo isondela emhlabeni, akukho okumele ukwesabe: kuyoshisa phezulu Izitha zomkhathi. Ngakho-ke kuyoba yilo sikhathi uma into ethi J002E3 iwela eplanethi yethu.

Inkinga ye-debris isikhala

Isimo ngesiteji se-rocket yenethiwekhi "Saturn-5" asiyona eyingqayizivele. Izinto ezinjalo eziseduzane-Earth zivela ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwezinkulumo zesayensi. Njengomthetho, zivela ngokuphathelene nenkinga yezingxube ze-orbit ephansi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngesikhathi esifushane sokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokuhamba isikhala, abantu bakwazi ukushiya inqwaba ye "stunts" yemikhumbi ehlukahlukene nemikhumbi. Ososayensi bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi le nkinga isivele iqala ukugxeka, ngoba inqwaba yesikhala semvelo eseduze neMhlaba isongela kokubili ama-satellite namanye amadivaysi athuthukile, kanye nemvelo yemvelo.

Namuhla, amasu ahlukahlukene asetshenziselwa ukususa isikhala se-orbit ephansi yomhlaba. Omunye wama-propagandists asebenzayo okuvuna "ukuvuna," isisebenzi seJohnson Space Center Yer-Chu Liu, sikhuthaza osebenza nabo ukuba bathathe umkhankaso womhlaba wonke wokuhlanza isikhala esiseduzane noMhlaba. Ufakaza ngokuqinisekile ukuthi le nkinga engavamile ingadinga amandla amakhulu nemali njengoba kungekho nezwe elilodwa elithathwe. Usosayensi ucabanga ukuthi iphrojekthi yokuqoqa nokubhubhisa izidakamizwa zendawo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi yomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe kanye nenhlangano, futhi ukuqaliswa kwayo kungenye yezimpumelelo ezingathí sina zesintu.

Imibono

Phakathi kwamaphrojekthi okuxoxwa ngawo ekuhlanzeni isikhala esiseduzane-Umhlaba, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha ukuxazulula inkinga. Lezi zihlanganisa izakhiwo ezifana namanetha okudoba futhi zifana nombhobho wesobho. Njengendlela yokubhekana nodoti, izibhamu ze-laser nazo zinikezwa. I-Yer-Chu Liu iphawula ukuthi ukukhetha indlela ethile yokusebenzisa lolu hlelo kuncike ngokuphelele kwimisebenzi ebalulekile engakaze yenziwe. Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke, ngokusho kososayensi, i-debris enkulu kakhulu. Izibalo zokuqala zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlanza ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo isikhala eduze neplanethi yethu, kubalulekile ukususa izinto ezinhlanu ezinyaka ngamunye ngonyaka.

Namuhla, imfucumfucu yesikhala iqhubeka ukujikeleza emhlabeni ophansi we-orbit, ibeka ingozi engase isetshenziswe kuma-satellite nama-missiles aqaliswa. Imiklamo eminingi yokuhlanza isikhala esungeze iplanethi yethu ingaphansi kokuthuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka, izikhathi ezingaphezu kweyodwa ezindabeni zizoshintsha imiyalezo ngezinto ezifana ne-J002E3. Kodwa-ke, ukunakwa okukhulayo kwenkinga yokuqedwa kwe-orbit kubonisa ukuthi izinyathelo ezidingekayo maduzane zithathwe.