Ingqikithi yalo mthetho futhi inkolelo-mbono eziyisisekelo kwayo okuqukethwe

Nakuba ngokuyisisekelo umthetho ngokwanele sina futhi kuncike nzima, incazelo yalo nokuqonda kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kunesidingo sokuba kuvisisa okushiwo wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Ngo ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi, kukhona ukutolika eziningi ezahlukene kanye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ukuchaza izigaba eziyinhloko, lapho ilungelo kusekelwe. Lezi zinkolelo-mbono njengoba Okusizayo phikisa bese umphelelisi nomunye.

Ngo isayensi laseSoviet imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezivamile umthetho oqondile ikakhulukazi kugcizelela kwezinkambiso komthetho, okuyinto zidalwe ngumbuso kanye ukusekela kusebenta kwato. Ingqikithi yalo mbono okulungile ubona eyasungulwa isimo futhi, njengoba umthetho, ebekwe imithetho ebhaliwe, imithetho zomthetho neziqondiso. Ngisho noma ekhishwe uhulumeni akufanele futhi anti-yenyama, solo zimelela okulungile okumele ilandelwe. Ukuthandwa olukhulu lo mbono usezuze 19 - Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, kodwa manje ngempumelelo ukuncintisana mbono.

Kusukela umbono we abasekeli kwemithetho yemvelo, okuyinto ithole cwaningo kakhulu emashumini eminyaka 17-18, nakuba izimpande lo mbono ubuyele emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, ngokuyisisekelo umthetho ukuthi kuphakama kusukela yemvelo, izimfanelo isegazini ngokujulile ukwakheka komuntu. Umthombo umthetho kule umqondo iyona theory kwemithetho yemvelo. abameleli wawo ovelele kakhulu izimiso ngokuphelele, okuyinto "baye ngaphandle" ngokusebenzisa Komuntu abonakalisa izinkolelo mayelana yini ubulungiswa, inkululeko, ukulingana. Lezi zinkolelo eyabekwa njengoba amalungelo kuncikene futhi jikelele zemvelo ukuthi kukhona esivela kumuntu iyafika, nokuthi akekho kungathatha kude kuye, kuhlanganise isimo. Lo mbono, omunye wabasunguli be-okuyinto isazi sezomthetho esidumile Dutch Gugo Grotsy, Wawugujelwani theory kwamalungelo wobuntu. Lo mbono ngokomlando bokuqala.

Labo ababa nelungelo umqondo kwemithetho yemvelo, akusho ukuphika ukuthi ukhona ilungelo omuhle, kodwa ubunjalo kanye okuqukethwe ilungelo, kungukuthi egxile entandweni kanye nezidingo isimo, futhi kuvikeleke ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, bakholelwa ukuthi umthetho omuhle, kwephula amalungelo zemvelo ngisho livikeleke umthetho, eqinisweni akuyona efanele. State kuphela uma kungenziwa kubhekwe yimithetho esisemthethweni ngempela, uma nenqubo yomthetho wemvelo abangu kunakwe lapho ubhala kanye nokuqoshwa. Ngakho-ke, lokhu mqondo umehluko kubaluleke kakhulu kubalulekile phakathi komthetho kanye nomthetho. Uma kuwukuzikhohlisa engamboziwe umthetho wemvelo, isimo angeke kubhekwe zomthetho.

School of Law, esekelwe indlela zomlando, wagxeka imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho wemvelo, esadaleka ngesikhathi esifanayo nalo. It wayedabuka eJalimane. abameleli balo babekholelwa ukuthi nokuziphatha kanye namagugu emphakathini akhiwa ngokomlando, futhi akukho nezimfuneko ngokuphelele zokuziphatha abekho. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene emazweni ahlukahlukene futhi izifunda ngokuvamile zifeziwe izinhlelo okuphambene ngokuphelele zokuziphatha futhi imibono okuhle emphakathini. Nokho, ukusonga kanye nokuthuthukisa umphakathi zaholela ekwakhekeni yamazinga ezithile ezingokoqobo kwezenhlalo namasiko, ukugujwa okwenza ukuphila kube lula futhi kuholela ukuzinza. Lapho abantu uqaphela futhi wahlukaniswa imithetho yalokho, kuvikelwe izivumelwano zabo ethize, ukuhambisana okuyinto kuyadingeka kubo bonke. Ngoba okushiwo umthetho - kuba amasiko endawo futhi kazwelonke, ifomu atholwe izinkontileka ebhaliwe nemithetho. Isimo nge indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo inomsebenzi we isikhungo elisizayo, okuyinto ulungiselela usages kuphela.

Ngo oyisazi yesimanje okwamanje theory evame kakhulu eziyisisekelo umthetho wemvelo, ikakhulukazi endaweni ezithinta kwamaZwe kanye namalungelo esintu, nakuba izakhi eziningi indlela zomlando liyasetshenziswa njengoba evumelekile. Kwakukhona futhi inala ezinye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma umphelelisi main - zokulawula, bamenyiwe ukuhlola umthetho 'emsulwa "njengoba uhlobo emanation phezulu imithetho isibopho out umongo kwezenhlalo kanye zomlando; lwezenhlalo, okuyinto ngifuna okuqukethwe khona kanye ubudlelwane bezinhlanga ezahlukene zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano; ngokwengqondo, egxile ngendlela abali- esemthethweni noma iqembu labantu deku umthetho olungekho emthethweni, nokunye. Eqinisweni, umehluko phakathi zonke lezi zindlela wukuthi ngamunye wabo uchaza okushiwo amalungelo eyasungulwa amazinga isimo ukuziphatha, ebuhlotsheni nabantu, ukusonga ukwazi zomlando noma angokomthetho asekelwe amanani jikelele.