Inyanga olufudumele e-Antarctica. Amazinga e-nyangazonke Antarctic

Ososayensi, abahloli bamazwe bezulu Entela ebizwa Antarctica "sezulu ekhishini" lonke iplanethi. Ochwepheshe wazi kahle lapho izimo ucishe esihle travel eduze South Geographic Pole. Abantu abavamile ngokuvamile sisambathekile: "Uyini Wik-Arctic Circle kuba ngenyanga olufudumele? Ngo-Antarctica kukhona zero lokushisa? ". Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kwenzekani "sezulu ekhishini" akulula, lapha kuhlukile, hhayi njenge kwamanye amazwekazi.

zwekazi elimhlophe kuba kufinyeleleke kalula

Up 20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX bokuba khona izwe eliseduze kwakwa-South Pole, ososayensi basanda kuphikisana futhi abahambi. Abaningi babekholelwa wamazwe odumile John. Cook, wathi ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki eningizimu 71 ° S. w. uhambo Russian Antarctica ku "East" imikhumbi "Ukuthula" Januwari 20, 1820 wavula izwe elingaziwa, naphezu kwezithiyo eziningi zingangentaba. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-120, baqala uhambo lokuqala emanzini Antarctic, kuthathe eminye iminyaka 50 sokuthuthukiswa izindawo ezintsha izivakashi.

Amakhulu bamazwe ithunyelwa ngonyaka kuleli zwekazi elimhlophe. Expeditions futhi izinkambo ziqhutshwa esikhathini elihle kunawo konyaka eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. "Futhi iyini ngenyanga olufudumele e-Antarctica?" - wadida injabulo kubantu abavamile. Yiqiniso, zonke izikole zifundise sezulu amazwekazi eningizimu, lapho ubusika yethu - kuleli hlobo. Ithi kahle ukuthi inyanga ihamba phambili ukuvakasha kuya-South Pole, abaningi bakuthola kunzima.

Antarctica-Arctic - bahlukene ezimbili

Kafushane amagama asetshenzisiwe womhlaba. Igama lakhe liyadingeka umhlaba eningizimu ye-Arctic. Nanti izwi ngenxa enyakatho zindawo polar Zomhlaba, odabuka ngesiGreki, enikezwa isikhundla umlaza i-Ursa Major. Isimo sezulu ku North Pole isikhathi eside ayikaziwa, ngoba ekhulwini indlela abacwaningi XVIII-XIX kuze kube seqophelweni ezithandwayo zezingoma nge izixhumanisi 90 °. w. ivinjwe emanzini abandayo olwandle, iqhwa nesithwathwa.

Insimu eningizimu, okuphambene enyakatho nesifunda polar, ebizwa ngokuthi "Intuthwane (s) Arctic", nezwekazi - Antarctica. I-South Pole iseduze maphakathi nezwekazi. izixhumanisi Geographical leliphuzu - 90 ° S. w.

I eseningizimu futhi izwekazi enomoya

Isimo sezulu elibuhlungu eningizimu-latitude 70 ° S. w. Mina ngokuthi "subantarctic" futhi "Antarctic". Kuwo lo nyaka, kangcono sekuqala ukufudumala khulula iqhwa ebusweni izindawo ogwini, ku ezivundile. Ebusika, ogwini futhi engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Antarctic okushisa Peninsula ufana zone arctic we Nenkabazwe (-10 kuya -40 ° C). Summer e-Antarctica, ungathola eziningi phansi phakathi eziqhingini athule, lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngenhla 0 ° C.

Isimo sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo Antarctica:

• Winter Uthatha June kuya ku-August ziyinkathi enomoya.
• Isilinganiso Julayi lokushisa amabanga phakathi -65 ° futhi -75 ° C.
• Summer iqala ngo-December futhi ihlala kuze kube uFebhuwari.
• Amazinga e likhuphuka yezwekazi kusuka -50 kuya -30 ° C.
• Inyanga olufudumele e-Antarctica - Januwari.
• usuku Polar ihlala-September kuya ku-March. Kunendawo eqondile ilanga lalingabonakali emkhathizwe, namandla Ukushisa kwamanzi.
• Cishe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha izolo ebusuku, kukhanyisa ukubaniza eliqhakazile-aurora.

Climate maphakathi nezwe

Antarctica - silibangise ezwenikazi, lapho ukufundwa kokuma Meteorological njalo waqala ngemva kwelokuqala amazwekazi ohlala. ukunakekela okukhethekile bezulu sezulu esikhathini esidlule 50-60 iminyaka ukusebenzisa idatha etholwe ngesikhathi iziteshi engxenyeni yezwekazi futhi elisogwini kuleli zwekazi elimhlophe. Izifunda enomoya - mpumalanga, lapho ukushisa okuvamile kuba mayelana -60 ° C. lokushisa Maximum esifundeni "East" siteshi -13.6 ° C (16 December 1957). Okulinganiselwa ku lokushisa kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-September - ngezansi -70 ° C.

Isimo sezulu e-South Pole kancane ethambile, le ngxenye yaleli zwekazi eduze nogu. Ulwazi lwesimo sezulu ngesikhathi Ukudidiyela 90 ° S. w. ukuqoqa nabasebenzi esiteshini American "Amundsen - Scott," waba ogama lakhe behlonipha "ka ezindaweni ezibandayo of Napoleon" Norwegian uRoald Amundsen nomunye owathola le-South Pole - eyiNgisi Robert Scott. Yaqalwa ngo-1956, lesi siteshi ngesikhathi South Pole futhi kancane kancane "ukukhukhuleka" maqondana ogwini. Antarctica ukuma umkhatsi, yeqhwa kancane umba phansi esuka isikhungo ukuze emaphethelweni, lapho kweziqephu zakhe ngaphansi yayo isisindo ikhefu, awela ulwandle. Ebusika esiteshini wesifunda "Amundsen - Scott" thermometer libonisa -60 ° C, ngoJanuwari awehleli ngezansi -30 ° C.

Isimo sezulu ogwini Antarctica

Ehlobo ogwini kwezilwandle nezilwandle ezizungezile nezwekazi eseningizimu, ufudumele kuka ezifundeni ezwekazini. Ngokuhamba iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica esifudumeza emoyeni ngo-December-February kuya +10 ° C. Isilinganiso Januwari lokushisa +1,5 ° C. Ebusika, Julayi kusho lokushisa nyangazonke sehliselwe -8 ° ogwini iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica ukuba -35 ° C - eziluzungezile Ross Glacier. Omunye zezulu anomalies ezwekazini - abandayo isivinini isitokwe umoya ifinyelela waya ogwini 12-90 m / umzuzwana (iziphepho). Rain okushisa aphezulu e-Antarctica - into ezingavamile. Isikhathi esiningi umswakama uthola kulelivekati ngesimo iqhwa.

Antarctica - "multi-polar" nezwekazi

"Pole ka Inaccessibility" - yigama yasungulwa yesiteshi wakhe Russian polar. uhambo baseSoviet ukuthi abenze noma Antarctica ukuqhuba ucwaningo lwesayensi e parallel 82 th e siyisinqumo esinzima kunazo zonke ukuhambisa endaweni enezintaba zwekazi.

Ezwekazini, kukhona "Pole ka Cold" - yisici ucwaningo Antarctic "Vostok" esiteshini, elisungulwe kwamaSoviet. Kube yabhaliswa ngosizo instrumentation phansi olusekelwe phezu kwemiphumela yiyona aphansi emlandweni kokuma Meteorological of lokushisa air: -89,2 ° C (1983).

Abacwaningi be-US, ayehlome idatha satellite, wazama inselelo "irekhodi" esiteshini Russian. BaseMelika ngoDisemba 2013 libike ukuthi endaweni enomoya Emhlabeni ungaphakathi endaweni "Dome Fuji" esiteshini okuqondene Japan. I ngokuphelele lokushisa okungenani Antarctica kwaba -91,2 ° C, okuyinto itholakala ngokuhlangenwe satellite.

Antarctica --prototype ye "multipolar" izwe ngaphandle kwemingcele kanye izingalo uhlanga. umbuso kwezomthetho International yethulwa ngo-1961. Ezweni nemisinga eya engxenyeni eduze kwezilwandle ezakho amaqembu States ukuze lesi sivumelwano futhi emazweni obukele, bangakwazi kuphela ukufeza ucwaningo lwesayensi.

Okufanele ukwenze ngenyanga olufudumele e-Antarctica e-Arctic

Ucwaningo eliseNyakatho neliseNingizimu, kuleli zwekazi elimhlophe eningizimu ice e-Arctic bekulokhu eziningi nesibindi futhi nesineke. Namuhla emhlabeni kunabantu abaningi abaye bavakashela i-Antarctica Ezikhathini angaphezu kwangu-100. Olunye ucwaningo ukuziphatha, abanye ukunikeza ukufinyeleleka, ukuphepha, ukunikeza usizo lwezempilo.

It is beba more and yalabo abaya phesheya Antarctic Circle beyofuna nakho kumnandi. Tours Antarctica unganakile sekwaba ithuba elicwengekileyo. Empeleni, zonke izindiza, diving kanye nokuvakashela izindawo uzilungiselele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. ososayensi Consultants advocate-polar esetshenziswa icebreakers, izitsha ucwaningo.

"Isizini" Peak ezindaweni ezibandayo

Izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola izidingo izindiza noma ulwandle cruise kuya eliseNyakatho neliseNingizimu, izindleko aphezulu mikhankaso ukuhlela abayeki izama yesimanje. Uwuchaze uSuperintendent abadumile bathi ifilimu "Operation" Y "nezinye uhambo Shurik." Manje eziningi nemikhumbi eyayithwala izivakashi "udabula" Arctic nase-Antarctic. Sesifikile, usuku lusondele lapho kuyoba okuningi. "Isizini okuphezulu" e-South Pole iqala ngo-December futhi ihlala kuze kube uJanuwari. Ngalesi sikhathi ubuchopho kangcono zikhanyiswa ilanga, iza ukuphakama ehlobo.

Isimo sezulu ku-North Pole kuyinto kunakwezinye eNingizimu. Isimo sezulu futhi incike enyakazayo engela encane ilanga lalingabonakali emkhathizwe, a iqhwa lembhali kakhulu futhi ice amakhono. Amazinga ebusika phakathi kukaDisemba Februwari futhi ehlobo kusuka ngoJuni kuze Agasti iphakeme kakhulu kunanoma e-Antarctic. Amazinga isilinganiso ebusika e-North Pole kuyinto -30 ° C. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ncibilika (-26 ° C), indlu (-43 ° C). Isilinganiso lokushisa ehlobo - mayelana 0 ° C.

Ingabe ikhona "amabala amhlophe" e-Antarctica

Age of Discovery kuqede iminyaka kwekhulu elidlule 20, S. V Obruchev - indodana usosayensi, umhambi futhi umbhali V A. Obrucheva ( "Okomhlaba yeSiberia", "Sannikov Land"). Sergey Obruchev uphenyo "amabala amhlophe" wokugcina Eastern eSiberia futhi Chukotka. Ngaleso sikhathi bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli Antarctica wayesalokhu ayiqondakali kahle.

Kancane kancane, abacwaningi bathola ice ukujiya kanye nezici impumuzo subglacial, eqoqwe ulwazi lwesimo sezulu enemininingwane. isethi avaliwe "amabala amhlophe" kuleli zwekazi lesithupha, kodwa eningizimu yezwekazi lase-polar namanje igcina eziningi izimfihlo kanye izimfihlakalo. Ukuze abahambi okhuthele ngenyanga olufudumele e-Antarctica - yinto entsha, ithuba lokubona izilwane zasendle ezingavamile futhi wenze izithombe eliyingqayizivele.

ukuthi uhambo yingozi Southern-Arctic Circle

Imibiko kwanoma iyiphi izimo ezingalindelekile ezivakashini e-Antarctica kwenzeke, kodwa kuyaqabukela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngasogwini iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica wabambeka eqhweni bomkhumbi Russian "Kapitan Khlebnikov" ngo-November 2009. Phakathi abagibeli zawo zazilotshiwe izivakashi nezisebenzi kusukela UK. Isizathu bokumisa izimo steel sezulu, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho isimo, umkhumbi wawusengozini bakwazi ukubaleka "ekuthunjweni White". ophihliza iqhwa Russian ezivakashini English abasakazi uzibophezele ebhodini cruise endaweni yoLwandle Weddell (West Antarctica).

Imephu zwekazi iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica, kunikeza umbono walokho indawo kolwandle, kodwa abashayeli bezindiza abanolwazi kuphela ozakuba enkantolo phakathi zeqhwa. Ngo-December 2013 iqhwa ukukhukhuleka wayeka isitsha Russian "Akademik Shokalsky". Abagibeli zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo Egibela i ophihliza iqhwa lase-Australia ekuqaleni Januwari 2014.

Tour Antarctica - ingxenye enkulukazi yemithi, adrenaline enikeziwe

Ngokwabacwaningi e-Antarctica, ezwekazini siyafanelana inhlangano Cruises, ukuthatha uhambo, inja ledding futhi kweminye imisebenzi yangaphandle. Umlando ulwandle Cruises e-Antarctic has eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-90. Ngo-1920, abanikazi engumthengisi imikhumbi waqala ibhodi izivakashi kuqala abafuna ukufakaza kuleli zwekazi elimhlophe. Izindleko Cruises yesimanje kanye nezinye kuyiwe ogwini Antarctica-South Pole ivela 5,000 ukuze 40,000 zamaRandi. Intengo Tour kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi, hhayi okungenani nendima eyadlalwa yinkimbinkimbi umzila, ukuba aphelezelwe uhambo.