Ngayiphi ngonyaka futhi owathola electron? Zemvelo, owathola le-electron: igama, umlando okwatholwa amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Mpikiswano mayelana eyathola i-electron, namanje kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha okwenziwe iphayona izinhlayiya aphansi, ngaphandle Dzhozefa Tomsona, ezinye izazi-mlando isayensi ukubona Hendrik Lorentz no Pieter Zeeman, abanye - Emilya Viherta, nabanye - Filippa Lenarda. Alo, ngubani-ke - owaqamba wathola electron?

Atom - indivisible ngakho

Igama elithi "athomu" ekuphileni kwansuku zonke laqanjwa zefilosofi. sazi sidilizwa Leucippus omunye e V leminyaka BC. e. Ngasikisela ukuthi wonke umuntu emhlabeni yakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane. umfundi wakhe - Democritus wababiza ama-athomu. Ngokusho sefilosofi, ama-athomu - "amabhlogo wokwakha" wendawo yonke, indivisible waphakade. Kusukela ukuma zabo zangaphandle ngapha nangapha futhi isakhiwo izakhiwo engaphansi izinto ama-athomu agelezayo - metal bushelelezi - ngamazinyo profiled, enika ubulukhuni umzimba.

Evelele usosayensi Russian M. V Lomonosov, umsunguli we theory-athomu-yamangqamuzana babekholelwa ukuthi indlela yokwakheka elula izinto corpuscles (i-molecule) ezakhiwe kohlobo-athomu elilodwa, kunzima - ezahlukene.

Chemist wafundisa Dzhon Dalton (Man) e 1803, ngesikhathi esekelwe idatha zokuhlola nokuthatha indinganiso iyunithi isisindo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ye-hydrogen wathola uquqaba isihlobo athomu ezinye izakhi. ithiyori Atomic eyiNgisi kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ukuqhubeka chemistry yemvelo.

Ubani wathola electron?

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX ke ababekuqongelele eziningi idatha zokuhlola nihlola yinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo zama-athomu. Lokhu kungabandakanya umphumela Photoelectric (Hertz, A. Stoletov, 1887), kuvulwa cathode (J. Plucker, uW Crookes, 1870) futhi-X-ray (-X-ray B., 1895) ray, i-radioactivity (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Ososayensi abasebenza nge cathode imisebe, ihlukaniswe amakamu amabili: elilodwa kulindeleke isimo wave lomkhuba, elinye - corpuscular. imiphumela ingabonakali izuzwe uprofesa wezifundo ecole normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. Ngo-1895, iye yabonisa ngokusebenzisa nokucwaninga ukuthi imisebe cathode Uyi ekusakazeni izinhlayiya omubi icala. Mhlawumbe Perrin - physics, wathola i-electron?

Njengoba usuzokwenza impumelelo enkulu

Zemvelo nesazi sezibalo George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) e 1874 imemezele nokucabanga bemvelo ngokuqhubekayo kukagesi. Yini ngonyaka nokuthi ubani electron kwatholakala? Phakathi umsebenzi yokulinga ku is electrolyzed D. Stoney kuchazwa inani eliphansi we kagesi (nakuba umphumela etholwe (10 ^-20 Cl) kade lingaphansi izikhathi 16 kuka langempela). Elementary kagesi iyunithi 1891 e-Irish Usosayensi ngokuthi "electron" (kusukela lesiGreki "amber").

Ngemva konyaka, Gendrik lorens (Leiden University, Netherlands) uklame naletintfo eyinhloko electron yakhe theory, owawuthi ngesisekelo isakhiwo iyiphi into kukhona amacala ngokuqhubekayo kagesi. Lezi ososayensi ungacabangi iphayona kuyizinhlayiyana, kodwa uphenyo theory ne practical babé njengohlelo lwesisekelo esiqinile se kuvulwa ikusasa Thomson.

Umthandi womculo Resolute

On umbuzo ukuthi, lapho futhi owathola electron, ama-encyclopedia anikeze impendulo icacile futhi isobala - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson ngo-1897. Ngakho-ke yini inani le-physics ngesiNgisi?

Uyise owayezoba umongameli we-Royal Society kwaba umdayisi wezincwadi wangaleso sikhathi kanye ebuntwaneni wagxilisa indodana yakhe nakanjani umuntu abe nothando izwi ephrintiwe kanye ukuqalekela ulwazi olusha. Ngemva kokuphothula Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) futhi-University of Cambridge ngo-1880, isazi sezibalo abasha Dzhozef Tomson wahamba wayosebenza e-Cavendish Laboratory. izifundo kokulinganisa bethatheka ngokuphelele usosayensi abasha. Osebenza nabo waphawula ukuzinikezela kwakhe ngokungakhathali kanye nogqozi kwamandla omsebenzi awusizo.

Ngo-1884, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-28, Thomson waqokwa umqondisi elabhorethri, lempumelelo Nkosi K. Rayleigh. Ngaphansi kobuholi Thomson Laboratory eminyakeni 35 ezayo siye sakhula saba omunye izikhungo elikhulu physics emhlabeni. Ngakho waqala uhambo lwabo Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Ukubhekisisa imininingwane

Umsebenzi ku ekutadisheni cathode imisebe uThomson waqala ukuhlola ucwaningo amandulela. Ukuze ucwaningo senziwa imishini esikhethekile umqondisi imidwebo siqu lab. Emva kokuthola isiqinisekiso nakho izinga, Thomson akazange ngisho bacabange ukuyeka lapho. Inhloso esemqoka ubonakala eqondile ukuzimisela ambalwa of uhlobo le misebe bese izinhlayiya zabo abamelwe.

tube okusha bakhelwe ukuhlolwa okulandelayo kwaba ukubunjwa yayo, hhayi kuphela cathode evamile futhi electrode kuyashesha (ngesimo amapuleti amasongo) nge voltage kuka. Okuphakelayo corpuscles sibhekiswe esibukweni camera nge ungqimba ezondile impahla izinhlayiya akhazimula phezu umthelela. Notshwala kulindeleke ukuba uphathe isenzo ahlangene emasimini kagesi kazibuthe.

izingxenye athomu

Owathola kube nzima. Ngisho nzima ukuvikela izinkolelo zazo, okuyizinto kuphambene imiqondo ezimisiwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ukukholelwa ngokwakho, ethimbeni lakho ne-Thomson eyenziwa yilo muntu othole electron.

Okuhlangenwe nakho wanika imiphumela emangalisa. kuyizinhlayiyana mass ubekade ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. izikhathi ezincane kuno ukuthi hydrogen ion. Isilinganiso kwenkokhiso corpuscles ke akuxhomekile mass ukugeleza rate, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo cathode, ubunjalo medium gaseous lapho ocucuzayo kwenzeka. Isiphetho umelene nazo zonke izisekelo: corpuscle - Universal particulate ndaba lichaza ekwakheni i-athomu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi Thomson ngenkuthalo ngokucophelela bese zihlolisiswa imiphumela ucwaningo kanye ukubalisisa. Lapho ukungabaza ishiywa, enkulumweni eyayinesihloko ubunjalo cathode imisebe yi-Royal Society. Entwasahlobo ka-1897 uye saphela athomu indivisible. Ngo-1906, Dzhozef Tomson waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics.

Ongaziwa Iogann Vihert

Igama uthisha Koningsborskogo Geophysics, bese-University of Gottingen, umcwaningi seismography iplanethi Johann Emilya Viherta, eyaziwa kangcono professional emibuthanweni komhlaba futhi zokuma kwendawo. Kodwa ososayensi ajwayelekile futhi ngokomzimba. Kuyinto umuntu kuphela ngaye isayensi esemthethweni, kanye Thomson, owathola le-electron uyavuma. Futhi uma sifuna ukuba ngokuphelele eqondile, amaphepha echaza ucwaningo izibalo Wiechert yanyatheliswa ngo-January 1897 - izinyanga ezine ngaphambi umbiko eyiNgisi sika. Ubani wathola electron - ngokomlando okunqunyiwe, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi.

Okuthathelwa kukho: ayikho imisebenzi yakhe, Thomson akasebenzisanga igama elithi "ama-electron". Wasebenzisa igama elithi "corpuscles".

Ngubani wavula i-proton, neutron futhi electron?

Ngemva ekuboneni le aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana steel lokuqala wasikisela isakhiwo kungenzeka ye-athomu. Omunye onobuhle lokuqala kwahlongozwa ngu Thomson. Atom, ngokusho kwakhe, ufana ucezu Pudding nge omisiwe: umzimba omuhle icala okufakwe izinhlayiya ezimbi.

Ngo-1911, u-Ernest 'uRutherford (New Zealand, e-United Kingdom) wasikisela ukuthi imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye has a isakhiwo. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, wabeka phambili umbono wokuba khona kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu kahle icala izinhlayiya kanye, esethole ke Ucwaningo, okuthiwa i-proton. Wabuye labikezela khona kuyizinhlayiyana abangathathi hlangothi nucleus nge mass proton (-neutron latholakala 1932 by usosayensi waseBrithani uJohn. Chadwick). Ngo-1918, Dzhozef Tomson wamnikela ukulawula laboratory Ernest 'uRutherford.

Akubuzwa ukuthi kwatholakala i-electron ukuvumele bahlole sezindawo kagesi, kazibuthe kanye optical we impahla. Kunzima overestimate indima Thompson nabalandeli bakhe ekuthuthukiseni physics atomic zenuzi.