Ukutholakala i-proton ne-neutron

Ngemva kwatholakala ukuthi into eyakhiwa ama-molecule labo ithuba - kusukela ama-athomu kuya physics got umbuzo omusha. Kwakudingekile ukusungula isakhiwo kwama-atom - kuthini aqukethe. Ukuze ukuxazulula le nselele babevela uRutherford nabafundi bakhe. Ukuvulwa kwe-proton ne-neutron bagubha ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule

E. uRutherford Kuye kwaba nokuqagela okuningi ngokuthi athomu siqukethe nucleus futhi azungeza nganoma Isivinini eliphezulu electron. Kodwa kuyini ngempela i-nucleus ye-athomu, akucaci ngokuphelele. URutherford ezihlongozwayo umbono ukuthi nuclei athomu yimuphi isici chemical kufanele kube i-nucleus ye-athomu ye-hydrogen.

Lo mbono kwaba kamuva kufakazelwa uchungechunge ucwaningo, okwaphumela kokutholakala proton lenzeka. Ingqikithi yalo iphelela zokuhlola kwaba uRutherford ukuthi ama-athomu nitrogen kuthiwa-alpha emisebeni ngawo ezinye izinhlayiya sputtered kusukela nitrogen-nucleus yama-athomu inqwaba.

Le nqubo Lalotshwa ezintweni ifilimu photosensitive. Nokho, lokhu kukhanya wayebuthakathaka ngakho, futhi nozwela ifilimu wayebuye amancane, ngakho 'uRutherford wasikisela kubafundi bakhe ngaphambi kokuqala ukuzwa amahora ambalwa ngesikhathi ukuba Egumbini elimnyama, ukuze amehlo wayebona izibani ezicashile.

Kulesi sokuhlola, isici ukukhanya iminonjana wayezimisele ukuthi izinhlayiya, okuyinto kwaphulwa, nuclei babe hydrogen ne-oksijini ama-athomu. Umbono ka 'uRutherford, okwamholela yokuthi ukuthi kwatholakala se-proton, ithole isiqinisekiso yayo ekhazimulayo.

Lokhu kuyizinhlayiyana uRutherford ezihlongozwayo igama proton (kusuka "Protos" iyona ngesiGreki sokuqala). Kufanele kuqondwe ukuze le-athomu ye-hydrogen-nucleus has a isakhiwo esinjalo ukuthi unakho proton eyodwa kuphela. Kusukela kwatholakala i-proton lenzeka.

kagesi, yena omuhle. Kulokhu, it quantitatively elilingana icala electron, kodwa uphawu obuhlukile. Okungukuthi, kuvela ukuthi i-proton ne-electron sengathi ezinye ibhalansi ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinto, ngoba ezinama-athomu ekuqaleni hhayi icala, futhi kagesi etholakala lapho beqala ukuthatha isinyathelo emkhakheni kagesi. Ngo isakhiwo se-nuclei athomu yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ingase ibe inombolo enkulu proton kuka-athomu ye-hydrogen-nucleus.

Ngemva kokutholakala owenziwe-proton, abacwaningi baqala ukubona ukuthi umnyombo isici chemical athomu yakhiwa hhayi kuphela proton, ngoba ucwaningo ngokomzimba nuclei zama-athomu beryllium wathola ukuthi isisindo proton nucleus yakhiwa amayunithi amane, kuyilapho yonke inhlama nucleus - amayunithi ayisishiyagalolunye. Kwaba kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi amayunithi amahlanu ngaphezulu mass okungewakho ezinye izinhlayiya engaziwa ngaphandle kwemali kagesi, njengoba kungenjalo ibhalansi electron-i-proton ngabe ephulwa.

James Chadwick umfundi E. Rutherford, olwenziwa ucwaningo, futhi wayekwazi ukuthola izinhlayiya aphansi lapho indiza sisuka beryllium nucleus yama-athomu lapho inqwaba-alpha emisebeni nge. Kwatholakala ukuthi they cha fanele kagesi. Found kwakuwukungabi bikho kwenkokhiso ngenxa yokuthi lalezi zinhlobo akazange basabela emkhakheni kagesi. Khona-ke kwaba sobala ukuthi wathola isici olahlekile isakhiwo zenuzi.

Lokhu evulekile D. Chadwick kuyizinhlayiyana okuthiwa i-neutron. Kwatholakala ukuthi inobungako obufanako njengoba i-proton, kodwa, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, yona ethi ingenamahluleli icala kagesi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu Ucwaningo waqinisekisa ukuthi isibalo proton kanye neutrons kulingana nesibalo ukulandelana element kwamakhemikhali uhlelo gqwa.

Ngo yonke kungabonakala nasemkhakheni izinto ezifana neutron izinkanyezi, okuyizinto ngokuvamile esigabeni sokugcina kwemvelo lezinkanyezi. Okunjalo neutron izinkanyezi abe high density kakhulu.