Ingqikithi e chemistry - Iyini? Properties of izinto. amakilasi izidakamizwa

Umbuzo oyinhloko ukuthi idinga ukwazi umuntu impendulo ngenxa ukuliqonda ngokunembile isithombe emhlabeni - ukuthi into enjalo kwamakhemikhali. Lo mqondo asondelana kakhulu eneminyaka engu-esikoleni futhi aqondise ukuthi ingane athuthukiswe. Ukuthola ekutadisheni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kubalulekile ukuthola izinto esivumelana ngazo nalo ngezinga kwansuku zonke, ikuvumela ukuba ngeso lengqondo futhi atholakale ukuchaza ezihlukahlukene izinqubo, izincazelo, izakhiwo, njll

Ngeshwa, ngenxa uhlelo non-ekahle imfundo, amaningi angekho ezinye izinto eziyisisekelo ayisisekelo. Umqondo 'wesimo kwamakhemikhali "- uhlobo legumbi, ukumuncwa esifike le ncazelo unika umuntu ekuqaleni kwesokudla ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo.

kumiswa umqondo

Ngaphambi sidlulela umqondo wokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, kubalulekile ukuthi liyini isihloko yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Matter - wukuthi uhlola ngqo ukwakheka kwezinto kugucuka zabo bobabili, isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo. Esikhathini ukuqonda jikelele ketshezi - lena kuyini lapho umzimba ufa.

Ngakho, lokho kungukuqiniseka e chemistry? Sizokwenza yakha kwesinqumo ushintsho kusukela umqondo jikelele a luyingxenye zamakhemikhali. Ingqikithi - uhlobo oluthile ndaba, ngempela kokuba mass ukuthi lingalinganiswa. Lesi sici okuhlukanisa leso sidakamizwa nezinye izinhlobo daba - inkambu esingenayo mass (kagesi, kazibuthe, ensimini yemvelo, njll). Matter, esikhundleni salokho - uyinto kuyiphi sidale nakho konke okusizungezile.

nezinye izici eziningana sendaba, njengoba kunqunywa, kusuka okuyinto ngokukhethekile - isivele isihloko yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Izinto ezakhiwe ngama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane (ezinye ion), futhi kusho iyiphi into ehlanganisa lezi amayunithi ifomula futhi into.

ndaba elula eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ngemva kokwazi kahle isizinda definition zingadlulela yinkimbinkimbi kwako. I izinto ziza emazingeni ahlukahlukene inhlangano, okungukuthi alula nanzima (noma uxhumano) - lokhu division lokuqala ngezigaba izidakamizwa, amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo has a lot of ngokwahlukana okwalandela, enemininingwane futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa, ngokungafani nabanye abaningi, has a imingcele ngokuqinile kuchazwa, uxhumano ngalinye lingafundwa ngokucacile isibaluli ingenye kwezinhlobo alizimele.

izidakamizwa Simple Chemistry - ekhuthaza ehlanganisa ama-athomu elementi eyodwa kuphela kusuka ishadi lesikhathi. Ngokuvamile, lokhu molecule kanambambili, isb sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezimbili, zixhunywe covalent ukuxhumana nonpolar - kumiswa jikelele lisuswe ukwabiwa electron pair. Ngakho, ama-athomu ye-elementi efanayo amakhemikhali ube electronegativity okufanayo, ie, ikhono kubuyise jikelele electron kwabantu, + ngakho-ke akuyona sokucwasa kunoma abahlanganyeli zokuxhumana. Izibonelo izinto ezilula (nonmetals) - i-hydrogen ne-oksijini, chlorine, i-iodine sasekhaya, nitrogen, isibabule, njll Siqukethe ama-athomu amathathu molecule into ezifana i-ozone, no one - zonke amagesi yizicukuthwane (argon, Xenon, helium, njll). Ngo izinsimbi (magnesium, i-calcium, ithusi, njll) kukhona yayo uhlobo loxhumano - metal, kwenziwe ngenxa komphakathi we-electron khulula ngaphakathi metal kanye kumiswa molecule njengoba esinjalo ningagcini. Lapho impahla irekhodi metal iqukethe nje iwuphawu isici chemical ngaphandle izinkomba.

izidakamizwa Simple kwamakhemikhali, izibonelo zazo letinikwe lapha ngenhla, lihlukile ukwakheka qualitative eyinkimbinkimbi. Amakhemikhali athomu ezakhi ezahlukene akhiwa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Izinto ezinjalo babe covalent polar noma ionic kunenze nisondelane hlobo. Njengoba ama-athomu ezahlukene babe electronegativity ezihlukile, bese ukwakheka jikelele electron pair kwenzeka shift sengqondo isici electronegative ngaphezulu, okuholela nokwehlukana Imininingwane engqamuzaneni. uhlobo ionic - lokhu kuyinto icala ezedlulele zokuphathwa polar, electron pair lapho aguqulwa ngokuphelele omunye wabahlanganyeli yokubopha izimvu, bese ama-athomu (noma amaqembu) aguqulwa ku ion. Sula umngcele, kukhona phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, isibopho ionic kungahunyushwa njengoba covalent polar kakhulu. Izibonelo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi - amanzi, isihlabathi, ingilazi, nosawoti, oxides, njll

izinto ukulungiswa

I izinto ukubizwa ngokuthi elula, eqinisweni, sibe isici esiyingqayizivele ukuthi akuyona esivela complex. Amanye ama-elementi bangase bafinyelele abanye ifomu lomcebo elula. Ezicashile zonke njengoba isici esisodwa, kodwa ukwakheka ambalwa, isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo kakhulu ukuhlukanisa zokwakheka ezifana. Lesi sici sibizwa ngokuthi allotropes.

Oxygen, isibabule, carbon nezinye izakhi eziningana ukulungiswa allotropic. Oxygen - kuba O ₂ O _3, carbon inikeza izinhlobo ezine izinto - carbyne, idayimane, graphite futhi fullerenes molecule sulphur rhombic, ukuguqulwa monoclinic and plastic. engathí enjalo elula kwamakhemikhali, izibonelo zazo azigcini okungenhla, kubaluleke kakhulu. Ikakhulu, i-fullerenes asetshenziswe art njengoba Semiconductors, photoresists, izithasiselo ukukhula idayimane amafilimu kanye nezinye izinjongo futhi umuthi antioxidant enamandla.

Kwenzekani ketshezi?

Umzuzwana ngamunye kwenzeka nasezindaweni ezizungeze ekuguquleni izinto. Chemistry ayihlolayo uchaza izinqubo ezihambisana qualitative kanye / noma izinguquko belinani ukwakheka kwama-molecule ukusabela. Ngo parallel, ngokuvamile oxhumene zenzeka futhi kugucuka ngokomzimba izimpawu ushintsho bunjwa, umbala, impahla noma isimo uquqaba, futhi ezinye izici.

imihlola Chemical - zisabela kanjani izinhlobo ezahlukene, isibonelo, compounds of esikhundleni, ukushintshana, ukunwetshwa, esethola, exothermic, redox, njll, kuye ngokuthi izinguquko ipharamitha kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Ukuze izenzakalo ngokomzimba zihlanganisa: ukuhwamuka, ukufingqa, Sublimation, nokonakala, umnkantsha, conductivity kagesi, njll Bavame kuyahambisana, isibonelo, nombani esivunguvungwini - kuyinqubo ngokomzimba, futhi Ukukhetha ngaphansi-ozone yayo - ikhemikhali.

izakhiwo

Ingqikithi kwamakhemikhali - kule ndaba, okuyizinto esivela izakhiwo ezithile ngokomzimba. Ezingaka phambi kwabo, ukungabi, degree futhi ufake umfutho owengeziwe kungenziwa abikezela, nomongo liziphatha ezimweni ezahlukene futhi uchaze eminye izici amakhemikhali compounds. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubila eliphezulu lokushisa organic compounds, lapho i-hydrogen, futhi heteroatom electronegative (nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, njll) elikhombisa ukuthi imfuyo ubukisa chemical uhlobo ekusebenzisaneni njenge-hydrogen kunenze nisondelane. Ngenxa ulwazi lwalokho izinto unekhono engcono ukuqhuba ugesi, ikhebuli wire amahanisi Yenziwe izinsimbi ezithile.

chemical izakhiwo

Ukusungulwa, ukucwaninga nokutadisha izakhiwo uhlangothi lwemali waziphatha amakhemikhali. I izakhiwo ndaba ngombono wakhe umbono - kuba yindlela abasabela ngayo ukusebenzelana. Ezinye izinto kukhona kakhulu asebenzayo kulo mqondo, isibonelo, izinsimbi noma iyiphi oxidants nezinye yizicukuthwane (inert) amagesi okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile akusho cishe asabele. izakhiwo Chemical isebenze noma passivated uma kunesidingo, ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa angahambisani nobunzima ethile futhi bakuthola kunzima kwezinye izimo. Ososayensi bachitha amahora amaningi endaweni yokucwaninga, ngokwenza amaphutha, ifeze, futhi ngezinye izikhathi musa afinyelele kubo. Ngu obuhlukahlukene imingcele kwemvelo (lokushisa, ingcindezi, njll) noma usebenzisa compounds ekhethekile - yelikhono noma inhibitor - kungathinta sezindawo amakhemikhali izinto, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusabela.

Ukwahlukanisa amakhemikhali

Liyisisekelo sako konke ngeengaba sehlukane ku organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili. The main isici organic - carbon, yokuxhuma nomunye futhi hydrogenic, ama-athomu carbon akha skeleton hydrocarbon ukuthi ngemva egcwele ngamanye ama-athomu (i-oksijini, i-nitrogen, phosphorus, isibabule, halogens, izinsimbi, nabanye), uvala ngemijikelezo noma branched, okufakazela kanjalo ezihlukahlukene organic compounds. Kuze kube manje, isayensi uyazi abayizigidi ezingu-20 izinto ezinjalo. Nakuba compounds amaminerali kwengxenye yesigidi kuphela.

uxhumano ngayinye, kodwa futhi inezici eziningi ezifanayo nezinye ku izakhiwo, isakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa, ngesisekelo salokhu, kukhona behlukanisa ku amakilasi izidakamizwa. Chemistry has ezingeni lelisetulu systematization nenhlangano, kuba isayensi ngqo.

inorganics

1. oxides - compounds kanambambili nge-oksijini:

a) acid - by ukusabela ngamanzi inikezwe acid;

b) main - ukuxhumana amanzi ukunikeza isisekelo.

2. Acid - into ehlanganisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-proton ne-hydrogen acid ezisalayo.

3. lezisekelo (alikhali) - aqukethe isigcawu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu hydroxyl athomu metal:

a) hydroxides amphoteric - abonise izakhiwo kanye acid lezisekelo.

4. zikasawoti - umphumela ukusabela neutralization phakathi acid alikhali (isizinda encibilikayo), aqukethe athomu ensimbi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu acid izinsalela:

a) acid nosawoti - kuyinto ezisalayo anion i-proton acid ukwakheka, umphumela dissociation akuphelele we acid;

b) nosawoti eziyisisekelo - ixhunyiwe neqembu metal hydroxyl, umphumela dissociation ongaphelele base.

organic compounds

engokwemvelo ezihlukahlukene olukhulu amakilasi izidakamizwa, umthamo kwalokho kwaziswa nzima ngokushesha ukukhumbula. Into eyinhloko ukwazi ukuhlala ngokwahlukana eziyisisekelo aliphatic futhi compounds eyindilinga, carbocyclic futhi heterocyclic, ayegcwele kanye unsaturated. Futhi, hydrocarbon abe nemikhiqizo eminingi lapho athomu ukufaka endaweni ka-hydrogen ku Halogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, nezinye athomu, kanye namaqembu sokusebenza.

Ingqikithi kwamakhemikhali - iyona suschestovanie isisekelo. Ngenxa zamagama organic yomuntu namuhla has inqwaba izinto yokufakelwa ukuthi esikhundleni yemvelo, kanye engenakuqhathaniswa izici yaso ngokwemvelo.