Kwenzenjani? Yiziphi amakilasi izidakamizwa. Umehluko phakathi izinto eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili

Ekuphileni sizungezwe ezihlukahlukene zemizimba kanye netintfo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezakhiweni ewindini, umnyango, itafula, isibani, inkomishi, emgwaqeni - imoto traffic, asphalt. Noma yimuphi umzimba noma izinto sakhiwa daba. Lesi sihloko Kuzoxoxwa ngani ukuthi into enjalo.

Kuyini i-chemistry?

Lokhu zesayensi yemvelo ukuthi etadisha izinto eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili, isakhiwo sabo, izakhiwo kanye ukuguqulwa ku zamakhemikhali. Chemistry kungokwalabo yezindawo ezibanzi isayensi yemvelo futhi sekuyisikhathi utadisha ekusebenzisaneni phakathi molecule ama-athomu. Inikeza umbono ocacile walokho kuyinto into, futhi kuxhumene kakhulu ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ne-physics kanye biology, ngakho libhekisela ngesayensi yemvelo.

Inani yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ekuphileni kwebantfu

Minerals, izinto eziphilayo, amadwala emkhathini yakhiwa okungu ezahlukene zakhi. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi Animate nemvelo ezingaphili lapho molecule akhiwa izakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Ezibucayi ukuze impilo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli yethu kuyoba umjikelezo izakhi zamakhemikhali.

ukuphila komuntu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle imikhiqizo zezimboni (ukudla, amavithamini, nemithi, izinto yezimonyo, nezindwangu zokwenziwa, zokwakha, ezihlukahlukene upende varnishes, umquba kanye nezinye izinto eziningi).

Molecule ama-athomu

Noma yini esaluketshezi sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ngokuthi ama-molecule (ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin - mass). Zonke molecule aqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu - athomu, noma kunalokho, cores okuyinto zizungezwe electron kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle obumba izibopho zamakhemikhali. Atoms abe nesisindo ethile, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubunjwa ndaba kuyinto njalo. Izici eziyinhloko isakhiwo engqamuzaneni kutholakele ucwaningo of zamakhemikhali, ukuhlaziya zamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela ngokomzimba. Athomu e amangqamuzana axhunyiwe ngezibopho zamakhemikhali. izinhlayiya ezincane e-athomu angaba kokubili izinto ezakhayo omubi icala.

Umqondo lomcebo

Uyini ndaba? Into ubhekwa ukuthi zazo ziqukethe yonke imigwamanda kanye izinto ngokwesimo ezizungezile. Noma yini esaluketshezi equkethe i-molecule futhi molecule, zona zenziwe ngama-athomu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-nail yensimbi kuyoba umzimba, nensimbi - izidakamizwa. Noma yimuphi izinto isethi ezithile Izakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali.

Ubunjalo bomuntu zihlanganisa izici ukuthi ukuhlukanisa omunye nomunye izinto. Lezi zihlanganisa: isimo somzimba, ukuminyana, solubility, umbala, ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo, izinga lokushisa (abilayo noma ukuma), conductivity kagesi.

Chemical Properties - Properties izinto asabele futhi azibonakalisa yezinqubo zamakhemikhali (ukusabela).

Umgomo ukwethula i-chemistry sezindawo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ketshezi.

ezihlukahlukene izinto

Kukhona isigaba izidakamizwa Kukhona elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngu nje zihlanganisa izinto ezinama-athomu yona leyo nto zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-molecule yamagesi inert (neon, argon, umoya-mpilo, uxhumano lokudlulisa, iodine). K eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlanganisa zonke izinto okuyinto aye amiswa ngenxa uxhumano zama-athomu ehlukahlukene (amanzi, usawoti, isikhutha, i-potassium permanganate, sucrose). izinto Active - izinto yokusabela chemical uyakwazi ukunciphisa ukungezwani surface at lokuhlushwa phezu.

izinto eziphilayo

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa zonke izinto zabo Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa carbon. Wenza okuhlukile kukhona carbides, carbon oxides, carbonates futhi cyanides ne-carbon equkethe amagesi.

izinto molecule saccharides yakhiwa izakhi ezintathu, futhi ungumthombo oyinhloko yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla eziphilayo. Monosaccharide - ekhuthaza ngaphandle othola crystallization. Oligosaccharides (sucrose, i-lactose, maltose) ziqukethe amabili, amathathu noma amane molecule monosaccharides. Ibhekane crystallization. Polysaccharides (glycogen, isitashi, Araban, xylans) ukunambitheka elungisiwe futhi musa chaza emanzini. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko - ngokujoyina, kunenze nisondelane futhi yokubopha amaseli. Kwazo ukuba nibe ngabakaJesu iqembu lipid compounds esihlupha bonke izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo. Babukeka elula carbon amaketanga noma izinsalela zishintshe eyindilinga. Ihlukaniswe yaba amafutha (triglyceride futhi hlangothi) kanye lipids. Kuyinto esters nzima. Okunamafutha acid (stearic, ricin) atholakala eziphilayo. Lipids - izinto amafutha-njengalelo ibalulekile ngenxa isakhiwo sabo. Bona akha imicu ngamakhasimende ngokucacile. Ngu enzyme abakhuthele izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo accelerators wamaprotheni nemvelo. Abanaso iba yingxenye yomhlabathi e izenzo yelikhono chemical zihlukile ukuthi bayakwazi ukwandisa izinga yokusabela ezimweni ezivamile.

inorganics

Ngu izinto wezinto ezingaphili zihlanganisa amanzi, umoya-mpilo, i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, potassium, i-calcium, i-sodium, phosphorus, i -sulphur.

Amanzi kuyinto kuphela kubalulekile futhi isimame. It has a ukushisa umthamo eqinile futhi conductivity ezishisayo. Imvelo lwasemanzini nacho esihle okuvela eziyisisekelo chemical ukusabela. It libhekene obala futhi ngacishe amelana kokucindezelwa.

Isakhiwo eziningi ze-non-amaprotheni nitrogen ifakiwe. Sulphur iye bahileleke ukwakhiwa yabo. eziningi eziphilayo ophilayo aqukethe phosphorus ngefomu amaminerali. Potassium itholakala amaseli ifomu ion. Owenza usebenze ibhalansi enzayimu amaphrotheni. Sodium siyingxenye ye egazini senze indima enkulu elawula ibhalansi amanzi wonke umzimba. Iron kuyinto ngenkuthalo ahileleke izinqubo emishinini yokuphefumula, photosynthesis futhi ingxenye-hemoglobin. Ngo yokudla komuntu kuza nsuku 2 mg zethusi. yokuntula lembula anaemia, isifiso iziyaluyalu nesifo senhliziyo. Manganese kuthinta izinqubo yokuvuselela ezitshalweni. Zinc uhlaba carbonic acid. Boron kuthinta ukukhula eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene. Ngo ukungezwakali kwawo enhlabathini singafi izimbali neziteshi conductive ezitshalweni. Molybdenum ngenkuthalo ebhubhisa yizilwanyana eziwuhlupho bese eyathandwa kakhulu ezikulesi simila.

I ezahlukene izinto wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic?

umehluko Ikakhulukazi eqinile wangaphandle ophakathi kwala maqembu amabili kungakhathaliseki. Umehluko omkhulu itholakala isakhiwo lapho izinto wezinto kukhona isakhiwo okungezona yamangqamuzana, organic - yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

izinto Inorganic kukhona isakhiwo okungezona yamangqamuzana, ngakho zinezikhathi ukuncibilika okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi lokushisa abilayo. Awaqukathi carbon. Lezi zihlanganisa amagesi yizicukuthwane (neon, argon), izinto ezisansimbi (calcium, i-calcium, i-sodium), amphoterics (yensimbi, aluminium), kanye nonmetals (Silicon), hydroxides, compounds kanambambili, nosawoti.

izinto eziphilayo ukwakheka kwama-molecule. Banezinhliziyo ukuncibilika lokushisa sasivumela ongaphakeme, futhi ngokushesha ukubola lapho sishiswa ngakho. Ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe carbon. Ukuxolela: carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides futhi cyanides. Carbon ivumela ukwakha lenqwaba compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi (ngokwemvelo yabo kukhona kuka-10 million).

Iningi lazo basonta amakilasi lokuzalwa yemvelo (ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, lipids, acid nucleic). Lezi zinto zehlela afaka yayo isakhiwo nitrogen, hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-phosphorus nesibabule.

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi imfuyo kuyadingeka ukwethula, yini indima idlala ezimpilweni zethu. Ukuhlanganyela nezinye izinto, it yakha entsha. Ngaphandle kwawo, impilo emhlabeni ezungeze kuyinto nolimi kanye engacabangeki. Zonke izinto yakhiwa izinto ezithile, ngakho ukudlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zethu.