I degree of namachibi arsenic: i-arsenic Properties Chemical

Ngaphambi kokucabangela degree of namachibi arsenic, ukukhomba isikhundla salo Periodic Table nezici kwesakhiwo. Futhi, shayela izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali element kwamakhemikhali.

Isimo e-SS

degree eziyisisekelo namachibi arsenic, amakhemikhali izakhiwo, izicelo - konke lokhu kungatholakala ngokubheka indawo isici ohlelweni gqwa. Arsenic itholakala eqenjini yesihlanu, iqeqebana oyinhloko umndeni omele nitrogen. Anakho mass isihlobo athomu 74,9216. Basic-arsenic namachibi degree axhunyiwe neqembu lapho lilondolozwe MS. Lo msuka 33 has a nenombolo ye-serial. Isibalo amazinga amandla elihambisana inombolo inkathi lapho nto itholakala, kuba ezine.

Cabanga ilungiselelo electron imvilophi ngamunye zenuzi. On the lokuqala amandla ezingeni kuyinto ezimbili nje-electron abhanqiwe, igobolondo izinhlayiya yesibili hlala eziyisishiyagalombili: 2s futhi 6P. Ezingeni lwesithathu, phakathi kwabo, itholakala eziyishumi d-electron, okungukuthi izinhlayiya 18 kuphela. Kwangaphandle amandla ezingeni kuyinto 2s-electron, futhi ezintathu p-ayibhangqiwe electron. Lokho inani Valence electron inquma degree okungenzeka namachibi arsenic.

amakhasi omlando

It arsenic libhekisela ngezici ezinhlanu "alchemical", eyaziwa kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi. Iphuzu elithakazelisayo lelo yiqiniso lokuthi zozine ecenjini wesihlanu SS. Ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho muntu owayekwazi ukunquma degree of namachibi arsenic, kodwa ukuxhumana esetshenziswa ngempumelelo womshini izidakamizwa, ukudala imibala.

Ngemva ukushintsha kwezinkathi Stone Age kuya Bronze Age, abantu bafunda ukukhiqiza lolu ingxubevange ezinezici ekhethekile. It kuvela ukuthi kwakugcwele afika kwangu-7 amaphesenti angu-arsenic ne-amaphesenti 3 tin. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lapho sokuncibilikisa lokuqala zethusi esikhundleni Malachite, kokuba umbala oluhlaza, ngephutha wathatha oluhlaza zethusi-arsenic sulfide namaminerali.

Ukusebenza ngendlela emangalisayo ingxubevange okuholela kwamenza wathandeka phakathi amakhosi asendulo. Basuke ngokuqondile ngifuna ngokwemvelo namaminerali eliqukethe ketshezi wathi.

Degrees compounds arsenic ku namachibi yohlobo omuhle, uhambisane valency yayo ephakeme. Ukukhomba sulfides equkethe i-arsenic, amaminerali ukufuthelana. Ukubukeka ethize garlic iphunga kuyinto isiqinisekiso khona egcekeni arsenic. Kancane kancane, kusukela sokuncibilikisa zethusi Arsenous wenqaba. Esinye sezizathu ukuqedwa ukukhiqizwa ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi ubuthi unomphela amakhosi emsebenzini.

namaminerali zemvelo

Ngesimo ketshezi amaminerali ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa it is kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ezaziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isibalo namachibi 3 e enkompolo arsenic ziphephile eyaziwa eChina sidilizwa ngokuthi "Stannaries uthuli". Aristotle echazwe sandarac amaminerali emelela sulfide-arsenic. Ehunyushiwe olimini Latin igama layo kuzwakala "igolide upende". Sisebenzisa kwawo ngalezo zinsuku njengoba udayi ophuzi.

Esikhathini nanye alchemy ekhulwini ikhomba izinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene izinto. I degree of namachibi arsenic e zezakhi emelelwa lezi zinhlobo ilingane nesibalo iqembu. Call ke arsenic ezimhlophe hexavalent oxide, sulfide ngokuthi phuzi futhi zibe bomvu - As4S4 (pararealgar).

White samuntu ukungcola laliqongelelwe Sublimation kule nqubo yokushisa ka imikhando ithusi, lapho Ukwakheka arsenic kuhlanganisiwe. Njengoba ukufingqa kusuka isimo gaseous kwenzeka sebethule arsenic oxide njengoba uqwembe emhlophe. Anakho kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo yasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuthola control inkathazo.

Ekhulwini nantathu, Albert Elikhulu etholwe izidakamizwa metalloobraznoe. Yena ukufuthelana ngensipho ophuzi-arsenic. Ingqikithi sitholwe nokuxhumana hhayi elivuma "zokuxhumana engaqondakali" Uma amaplanethi eziyisikhombisa ezisansimbi. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa kuwukuphikisana Ibonisani alchemy lasendulo arsenic kubhekwe isici "engumlanjwana". Kwakungenxa Kwakubonakalisiwe ikhono bhunga zethusi ezimhlophe ngalezo zinsuku, ngakho-ke waziwa njengendlela yokuthola "mhlophe Venus."

Njengoba nemiyo ngabanye element chemical okuye kwaziwa kuphela phakathi nekhulu lesikhombisa. wemithi German Johann Schroeder zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela ukuzihlalela ke, ukuba nokwehla chemical carbon oxides. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ke zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela ukuzihlalela Nikole Lemeri Ukushisa metal umanyolo insipho, i-nitrous arsenic. Ngekhulu le-18, leli metal besilokhu saziwa ngokuthi i "lulwimi" engavamile.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-wemithi Swedish kwekhulu le-18 K. V Sheele etholwe arsenic acid, esizibonakalisa ngezinga eliphakeme of namachibi arsenic +5. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye izinto eziphilayo aqukethe i-arsenic kuchazwa.

Ukuba nemvelo

degree Ephakeme engezansi namachibi arsenic zenzeka compounds yawo engokwemvelo. Esikhathini okuhlushwa amaphesenti uqweqwe yesici inikezwe ingeqi 5 amagremu ngethani. Ngo namaminerali amaningi, iqukethe kanye nickel, ayibe, bethusi, bensimbi.

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili amaminerali ezahlukene zemvelo, ezihlanganisa isici chemical kubhekwe yithi. Njengoba sazi ukuthi babonisa ngezinga eliphakeme futhi aphansi namachibi arsenic, banayo isicelo ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlanganyela antimony arsenic kubonisa isimo namachibi ezimbi. Usucabanga ukuthi lokhu metal kuyinto electronegativity ongaphakeme, ngezinga engezansi namachibi of arsenic -3. Lesi sibalo ejwayelekile arsenides, kanye nokumbiwa allemontita.

compounds Iningi ezisansimbi arsenic, banikezwe ngokucacile sokuqanjwa, kuyinto kwakwakhe intermetallic, libhekene obuhlukahlukene ukubunjwa element kwamakhemikhali.

izici arsenide

Ukuze arsenide libhekene okuqukethwe izinsimbi eziningana kokuba isakhiwo esifanayo crystal ngamahele. Lezi namaminerali elinesimo ayebuthaka metallic, kukhona opaque, abe ubulukhuni ongaphakeme.

Njengoba izibonelo arsenide zemvelo ungase ucabangele compounds ezilandelayo:

• loellingite efana pyrite;
• nickeline ngokuthi obomvu nickel pyrite;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

Yiqiniso, lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele amaminerali ezifana - okwamanje ihlaba umkhosi mayelana amabili nanhlanu ka lezi zakhi. Phakathi ezivamile ngokwemvelo ingashiwo arsenopyrite ngokuthi arsenical pyrites. Kuyinto umkhiqizo etholwe abambele athomu nesibabule arsenic pyrite. Compounds of plan onjalo, okuyinto ayiboniswa ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu of namachibi arsenic libizwa sulphosalts.

nozakwabo bakholwe ayibe kukhanye gersdorffite, enargite futhi Proust. Lesi sakamuva kuyinto esiliva ore ezibalulekile, ise-ungqimba engenhla eziyigugu wahlala. I sulfosalts isakhiwo ingase ihlanganise yizicukuthwane izinsimbi leqembu-platinum. Phakathi kwabo isithakazelo irarsite futhi orsit. Ukwakheka wabo izinsimbi ezingavamile esetshenziswa njengoba yelikhono oncomekayo syntheses organic wezinto ezingaphili.

Izinga esiphezulu namachibi arsenic okuboniswe sulphides yawo engokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, dimorph orange-yellow lomele sulfide arsenic (5). Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule, imali engokwemvelo orpiment, kufaka phakathi isibalo samalungu alo sulfide, trivalent arsenic, eningizimu ye Verkhoyansk Ibanga atholakele. Usayizi zinhlayiya Kutholwe kwaba cishe 60 amasentimitha ubude, isisindo balinganiselwa ku-30 kg.

izici arsenates

degree olungenzeka namachibi nosawoti-arsenic angabhekwa isibonelo. Ngakho, i-arsenic acid compounds okubhekiselwe umbukiso arsenate izinga eliphelele ngenxa metal: 5. Njengoba izibonelo compounds ezinjalo erythrite samanje kokuba umbala pink. Lo sawoti okubhekiselwe umbala ayibe, it has Co3 ifomula (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba uqaphele Gasparo luhlaza ensundu-bomvu njengoba (Ce, La, Nd) Aro _4.

Maphakathi waseSweden wathola langbanovskie ferromanganese umsebenzi, lapho itholakele futhi libhekene arsenates ezahlukene mayelana ayisihlanu. Lezi zinto zehlela akhiwa ukusabela arsenous acid ne hydroxide manganese, (2) ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi.

Yini kubonakale arsenate degree of namachibi arsenic? Izimpawu lezi nosawoti kuqinisekisa khona sulphur kuzo. Nakuba engakwazanga ukuwaphendula kwezicelo zezimboni, ukubukeka kwabo tebuciko kubenza efanelekayo ngokudala amaqoqo mineralogical.

Indaba ezithakazelisayo has kupfernikel olufana Nichelino amaminerali. abavukuzi Medieval German Nickel ngokuthi entabeni umoya omubi, futhi "sethusi mbumbulu" ngokuthi "kupfernikelem". Masters phendla zifana zinhlayiya zethusi ebomvu imikhando zethusi amaminerali. Isetshenziswa nabo ingilazi ukunikeza mkhiqizo etholwe oluhlaza. Kuphela phakathi nawo-nesishiyagalombili mineralogist ekhulwini Axel Fredrik Cronstedt zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela ukuzihlalela kusukela nickel amaminerali.

Izakhiwo ngokwemvelo

Arsenic inert kakhulu, ngakho-ke ingatholakala isimo bomdabu. Okunjalo ingxenye metal has ezimbili kuya amaphesenti ayishumi nesithupha of ukungcola, ikakhulukazi zingabantu isiliva, insimbi, ayibe, ne-nickel. Ezweni lethu ke kwatholakala izazi zokuma komhlaba arsenic bomdabu e-Amur esifundeni, Transbaikalia.

Kungatholakala kubhalwe kwamadwala namaminerali, futhi izitshalo, ngakho ubizwa kufanele uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isici ikuyo yonke indawo.

Uyini esiphezulu kanye degree ubuncane namachibi arsenic? Inani eliphakeme oluhambisana inombolo iqembu, lapho element asebenzayo itholakala khona, futhi kuyinto +5. Kuyinto sici for zezakhi lapho liveza ekunciphiseni izakhiwo. Funda zezakhi ezingaphezu lokhu metal esiyingqayizivele sizoxoxa kamuva.

I-arsenic imbulunga basakaza Ukuboshelwa kakhulu. Isizathu ukuthi ukwakheka lithosphere nasesikhathini sorption futhi desorption izinqubo ezenzeka e inhlabathi kanye nenhlabathi.

Ngenxa solubility omuhle metal emanzini kalula ayahamba. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezinomswakama kwenzeka leaching usuka enhlabathini yakhe, kulandele ukunyakaza kanye komhlaba, emifuleni.

umphumela bokuphila

I okunqala arsenic eziqukethwe amanzi amaminerali. Kukhona imithetho ethile kokuqukethwe kwensimbi. Lapho kokweqa izindinganiso kuvunyelwe khona Uyingozi kakhulu ukulimala emzimbeni womuntu. Phakathi wokucwaninga ngamakhemikhali, kwatholakala ukuthi zemvelo arsenic amanzi Ingase ithanyelwe ezihlukahlukene. Yini okufanele ibe degree of namachibi arsenic? I izakhiwo zezakhi ezitholakala emanzini ukuqinisekisa ubukhona metal ngesimo isixazululo acid arsenous.

Arsenic ngefomu bukhoma iqukethe mayelana 6 mg ngayinye 1 kg. Ingxenye ulwelwe zinganqwabelana into okukhulunywa ngayo kangangokuthi kungaba yingozi nomzimba womuntu. Ezinye zinhlobo batholakala emazweni ase-Asia, bayakwazi zanda in isixazululo acid okumsulwa. Zisetshenziswa njengendlela yokuthola ukulawula amagundane. Ngo Ubuchopho bomuntu izicubu, futhi imali eyanele kwensimbi e amandla ayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisici esihlupha amapuleti nail is zanqwabelana izinwele.

Ukucaciswa ngokomzimba

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi arsenic sifana metal, futhi unalo izimpawu ze-non-metallic. Ngokwesibonelo, akuyona uyakwazi ukwakha nosawoti ne-sulfuric acid esebenza isici acidifying. Arsenic kungaba khona ukushintshwa ahlukahlukene allotropic Ekhumbula phosphorus. Esitebeleni kunazo ngubumpunga arsenic, okuyinto sublimes lapho ukufuthelana efanayo iodine.

Ngalokhu ukuguqulwa conductivity kagesi kunabayeni yethusi kodwa ephakeme kunaleyo mercury. Lapho lwaluyophola arsenic evala ungathola ezithambile esobala ophuzi umbala izidakamizwa efana phosphorus ophuzi. Phakathi Ukushisa, it is iguqulwe ibe ukuguqulwa ezahlukene allotropic timphawu zamakhemikhali.

Lapho i-arsenic umusi sebethule ku ingilazi zingabuka ukubukeka kwesibuko ifilimu.

arsenic compounds

I degree of namachibi arsenic e oxide phezulu 5, okuhambisana Valence yayo ephakeme. Kodwa Sublimation of umusi metal emoyeni ezinomswakama kwakhiwa black ifilimu arsenic anhydride yayo As2O _3. Kuyinto ifomu enjalo ekhona ngokuyisisekelo futhi oxide timphawu. Lokhu oxide ubukisa amphoteric chemical izakhiwo.

Ngo inqubo namachibi it is iguqulwe ukuba a oxide ephakeme, esibonisa ukubaluleka zombuso arsenic namachibi +5.

I metal okumsulwa is oxidized nge alulaze nitric acid ukuze ortomyshyakovistoy acid H ₃ Aso _3, lapho has a Valence ka 3. yabo izici amakhemikhali kubhekwa naphakathi eqinile acid analogously boric acid. Zikasawoti cabanga arsenite bembonisa izakhiwo elikhanyayo okubuyisela.

I chloride metal has isimo namachibi +3, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi isici metal ejwayelekile. arsenides Saltlike, ezakhiwe ukuphendula ezisansimbi asebenzayo ibhekane hydrolysis aqueous. Ngokwesibonelo, arsine (Ash ₃₎ kuyinto igesi enobuthi kungekho nto enemibala emihle, elingenalo nephunga.

compounds organometallic

Arsenic uyakwazi ukwakha compounds ahlukahlukene organometallic. Ngokwesibonelo, ngasekupheleni 18th nitrous ekhulwini distillative arsenic (3) potassium acetate, etholwe kabi ketshezi kokuba nephunga edabukisayo. Umkhiqizo wafakwa okuthiwa alarsinom. izifundo ngemva kwalokho lwembula ukuthi incenye arsenic samanje.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye, arsines elimnandi kuthiwa kwemiqondo. Ukusabela kwenziwa ngaphansi isenzo ingxube ka trichloride arsenic ne-halide aryl ne-sodium metallic. Ezinye zalezi imikhiqizo ziye zabonisa izindawo elwa namagciwane. Kuze kube manje, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici amashumi ezinkulungwane izinto arsenic organic.

Ukusetshenziswa arsenic

Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye kwensimbi ekhiqizwa isetshenziswa ngendlela compounds ahlukahlukene. Njengoba injalo emsulwa, it is cishe akazange asebenzise. Izinto eziningi ezincane it is busuka Alloys esindayo. izithasiselo okunjalo ngiyoba nethonya elihle ku-nobulukhuni umkhiqizo osuphelile, ngakho kwakudingeka enkulu ekwakhekeni amakhebuli kagesi namabhethri.

Umthamo ubuncane arsenic neqhaza ukuthuthukisa ukugqwala ukumelana, ukuthuthukisa izinkomba ezishisayo, zethusi nethusi. Uma lesi sici ayiqukethe ukungcola ezengeziwe, kuleso simo kuthiwa enkulu ekwakhekeni amadivayisi Semiconductor. Ukwakha kwabo, i-arsenic is elixutshiwe nge germanium noma silicon.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto dopant kakhulu ukwakha steel. Njengoba esibalulekile amathiphu arsenic izidingo nelesimbi non-ayoni. Ngisho ngokuqukethwe layo ongaphakeme e ingxubevange kungaba ngcono kakhulu amandla imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa. Arsenic kwandisa fluidity ngesikhathi thusi zethusi, okwenza kube lula ukuthola ucingo.

Kukhona nomthelela othile omubi lokhu ukukhiqizwa inguqulelo metal. Ukuba khona kwawo enqubeni ore iphenduka ibe umkhakha enobungozi.

Phakathi compounds ahlukahlukene arsenic kwezinhloso zenzuzo trivalent yayo oxide. Yena okwamanje isetshenziswa embonini ingilazi. Zikasawoti nge inkomba funa 5 njengoba antiseptics. Lo msuka inguqulelo ingenye ethandwa kakhulu yesimanje amakhemikhali umkhakha ngoba ziphephile izakhiwo ezimbili kuye inqubo ukugeleza medium.