I izinsimbi-platinum iqembu: ukubuyekeza ohlwini, izakhiwo kanye nezicelo

Platinum iqembu izinsimbi - kuyinto yizicukuthwane eziyigugu chemical izakhi eziyisithupha zazo juxtaposed ethebuleni gqwa. Zonke zingamalungu inguqulelo izinsimbi amaqembu 5-6, 8-10 isikhathi.

Indawo ekhiqiza insimbi emhlophe Izinsimbi: Uhlu

Iqembu liqukethe okulandelayo eziyisithupha izakhi zamakhemikhali ahlelwe ngokulandelana okwandisa atomic weight:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• RH - Rhodium.
• Pd - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• Ir - Iridium.
• Pt - platinum.

izinsimbi Platinum iqembu abe luhlaza silvery-white, kwasinda osmium, okuyinto umbala bluish-mhlophe. Zabo ukuziphatha chemical nakuba ngokuthi zisho amelana reagents kakhulu, kodwa zisetshenziselwa njengembangela yelikhono noma kuyashesha kalula ukulawula izinga namachibi, ukwehliswa futhi hydrogenation ukusabela.

Ruthenium futhi osmium kuthiwa acacisa e olunezinhlangothi uhlelo eduze igcwele, kuyilapho abanye isakhiwo ubuso ofiphele cubic. Lokhu kubonakala nobulukhuni enkulu ruthenium futhi osmium.

Umlando yokutholakala

Nakuba zobuciko-platinum-igolide olwaba 700 BC. e., ukuba khona metal kuba kunalokho ngephutha kuka njalo. AmaJesuit ekhulwini XVI, okukhulunywe amatshe obukhulu grey elihlobene ne anesihlabathi igolide imali. Lezi amatshe ayikwazi elicibilikile, kodwa akha i ingxubevange ngegolide, le bullion iba ziyaqothuka, futhi kwakuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuhlanza. Amatshe baqala ukushaya Platina del Pinto - zithutha esiliva impahla kusukela Pinto River, ngomfula owumthelela emfuleni San Juan e-Colombia.

-platinum oluthambile, okuyinto ingatholakala kuphela ngemva ephelele yokuhlanza metal, waba ngamnyama yi French physics Shaba e 1789. Kusukela senziwa inkomishi, eyethulwe uPapa Pius VI. On kuvulwa palladium e 1802, kusho umthaki oyiNgisi uWilliam Wollaston, ngubani okuthiwa zamakhemikhali. iqembu-platinum-elementi metal emva elisemkhathini. Wollaston kamuva kwathiwa kokutholakala enye into ekhona ye-platinum i-ore. It wabiza steel ngenxa umbala pink kasawoti metal. Ukuvula Iridium (yaqanjwa rainbow Iris ngenxa variegated nosawoti yayo) kanye osmium (kusukela lesiGreki elithi "iphunga" ngenxa nephunga chlorine of oxide yayo oluyingozi) ashiwo wemithi British Smithson Tennant e 1803. ososayensi French uHippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, futhi Nicolas-Lui Voklen ezikhonjwe izinsimbi ezimbili kanyekanye. Ruthenium, ngilahliwe futhi elibonakala kungxenye yokugcina lethiwa igama lesiLatini Russian le Usokhemisi waseRussia Karl Karlovich Klaus ngo-1844.

Ngokungafani enjalo isehlane kalula isimo okumsulwa kuqhathaniswa nge elula umlilo yokucwenga ejenti efana negolide, isiliva izinsimbi leqembu-platinum zidinga eziyinkimbinkimbi aqueous ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali. Lezi zindlela ayengenawo kube ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ngakho ukuhlonza nesizungu platinum iqembu abasasilele emuva isiliva negolide izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, high ukuma lezi zinsimbi ayiphumeleli ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuze abacwaningi baseBrithani, eFrance, eJalimane neRussia awukakhuli Izindlela-platinum ukuguqulwa kwifomu efanelekile ukuze kusetshenziswe. Njengoba izinsimbi eziyigugu leqembu-platinum zaqala ukusetshenziswa ubucwebe kusukela 1900. Nakuba salokhu kusetshenziswa esasebenza nanamuhla, ingxenye enkulu yezimboni yayo singcono kakhulu. Palladium isibe impahla ethandwa kakhulu oxhumana nabo ngocingo izinhlelo edluliselwe nokunye ukuxhumana okungenantambo, ukuqinisekisa impilo ende inkonzo futhi enokwethenjelwa, ne-platinum, ngenxa ukumelana layo ukuze avuse ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-inhlansi plugs ukulwa izindiza.

Ngemva kwempi nezinhlayiya izindlela isandiso yokuguqula petroleum yokucwenga kudale funa lukhulu izakhiwo okhanda amanye amathuba emimoya izinsimbi kusukela iqembu i-platinum. Ngu-1970, ukusetshenziswa ikhuphukile nakakhulu lapho imoto kwekhabhoni amazinga e-US nakwamanye amazwe kuye kwaholela ukusetshenziswa kwalezi amakhemikhali e ukuguqulwa okhanda amanye amathuba qeda amagesi.

i-ore

Ngaphandle ezifakwa encane anesihlabathi of platinum, palladium kanye osmiridium (i ingxubevange ye Iridium futhi osmium), cishe akukho netshe, abakade ezinkulu ingxenye chemical isici - metal-platinum iqembu. Minerals kuvame eziqukethwe sulfide imikhando, ikakhulukazi pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. Okuvame kakhulu laurite Rus _2, irarsite, (Iri Ru, RH, Pt) imbongolo, osmiridium (Iri Os), cooperite, (amaphoyinti) kanye Bragg (Pt, PD) S.

idiphozi enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele of izinsimbi-platinum iqembu - Bushveld eziyinkimbinkimbi eNingizimu Afrika. amasheya elikhulu izinto zokusetshenziswa basuke bagxila idiphozithi yanoma Sudbury eCanada nase Norilsk-Talnakh eSiberia. E-US, imali elikhulu namaminerali-platinum iqembu asezindaweni Stillwater, Montana, kodwa nampa mancane kakhulu kunalawo eNingizimu Afrika naseRussia. platinum enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kukhona South Africa, e-Russia, Zimbabwe kanye nase-Canada.

Imayini nokucwengisiswa

okwami Major zaseNingizimu Afrika futhi Canadian eziqhutshwa izimayini indlela. Cishe bonke insimbi ye-platinum qembu ezikhishwe ithusi noma nickel sulfide namaminerali usebenzisa flotation ngokuhlukana. Ukuqeda CONCENTRATE ukhiqiza ingxube okuyinto igezwa zethusi nickel sulphides i autoclave. Leaching okuseleyo okuqinile iqukethe kusuka 15 kuya 20%-platinum iqembu izinsimbi.

Ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube flotation usebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi ngokuhlukana. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka CONCENTRATE eliqukethe u-50% we-platinum metal, okwenza kungabi nesidingo yokuncibilikisa.

izakhiwo mechanical

I izinsimbi-platinum beqembu kakhulu izakhiwo ezahlukene lokukhanda. Platinum palladium abasakwazi ezithambile nabalolongeka kakhulu. Ngalezi izinsimbi kanye Alloys zabo kungenziwa run zombili ashisayo nabandayo. Rhodium iqale ziphathwe ashisayo, bese-ke ingelashwa nge abandayo annealing sasivumela njalo. Iridium futhi ruthenium kufanele ukufuthelana, ukusebenza abandayo, aziyeki e.

Osmium - esiqinile futhi iqembu has ukuncibilika lokushisa eliphakeme, kodwa ukuthambekela yayo namachibi ziwumthwalo ukulinganiselwa lalo. Iridium kuyinto ukugqwala nemithi platinum izinsimbi, steel futhi baziswa ukuze kulondolozwe izindawo zabo ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kunazo.

izicelo kwesakhiwo

Njengoba i-platinum ahlanzekile annealed uthambile kakhulu, kuba ekuthonyweni imihuzuko kanye umonakalo. Ukuze wandise ubulukhuni yayo tho nge sebuningini nezinye izakhi. Platinum imigexo zithandwa kakhulu eJapane, lapho ebizwa ngokuthi "Hackin" futhi "igolide white". Alloys lwemigexo eliqukethe u-90% Pt futhi 10% PD, okuyinto Kulula ukusingatha kanye nokunamathisela ngomthofu. Ukwengezwa ruthenium kuthuthukisa nobulukhuni ingxubevange, ebe egcina ukumelana namachibi. I Alloys of platinum, palladium nethusi asetshenziswa umkhiqizo kokuzihlanganisa, ngoba nzima-platinum-palladium nokuncane ebizayo.

Crucibles esetshenziswa ngokukhiqiza zinhlayiya single kule umkhakha Semiconductor, zidinga ukugqwala ukumelana nokuqina ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Ukuze lolu hlelo lokusebenza, kuba-platinum kangcono, i-platinum-steel, futhi Iridium. Platinum-steel ingxubevange asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa thermocouples ezisetshenziswa sokulinganisa okushisa aphakeme afinyelela ku 1800 ° C. Palladium isetshenziswa noma Okumsulwa noma ifomu ezazixutshwe amadivayisi kagesi (50% ukusetshenziswa), e Alloys yamazinyo (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium futhi osmium kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa njengoba injalo emsulwa - bakhonza dopant kuya nezinye izinsimbi-platinum iqembu.

ekwenyuseni

Mayelana 42% we-platinum akhiqizwa West, isetshenziswa njengoba kulethe. Kulaba bafundi, u-90% isetshenziswa wemoto izinhlelo, lapho zithutha refractory noma honeycombs camera platinum (kanye palladium, futhi steel) ukukhuthaza ukuguqulwa hydrocarbon unburned, i-carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides emanzini, isikhutha kanye nitrogen.

Kuvele ingxubevange platinum kanye 10% steel ngesimo a ngishiswa red-hot ukhonza kulethe ekusabeleni phakathi ammonia ne air ukukhiqiza nitrogen oxides futhi nitric acid. Lapho Udla ammonia ne-methane ingxube ingalungiswa hydrocyanic acid. Lapho ukucwebisa-platinum phezu kobuso elimbudumbudu alumina ku ophendulayo kuyinto kulethe ukuguquka uchungechunge eside molecule branched wamafutha isoparaffins ukuthi wayefisa ingxube high-octane uphethiloli.

Electroplating

Zonke izinsimbi-platinum iqembu singasetshenziswa galvanically. Ngenxa ubulukhuni futhi isicwebezelisi umgwengwezi is kakhulu ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa steel. Nakuba ukubaluleka kwayo ugqinsi engaqhathaniswa ephakeme kunaleyo-platinum kwabantu aphansi evumela ukusetshenziswa isisindo kancane impahla.

Palladium --platinum iqembu metal, yikuphi okulula ukuyisebenzisa ukuze enamathela. Ngenxa amandla ukwanda impahla kakhulu. Ruthenium ithole isicelo emithethweni senzelwe ukuphathwa friction ngomfutho ongaphakeme.

chemical compounds

izakhiwo Organic of izinsimbi-platinum iqembu ezifana alkilplatiny izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa njengembangela yelikhono ku polymerization of olefins, ukukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene kanye polyethylene, kanye namachibi of ethylene ukuze acetaldehyde.

-platinum nosawoti ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa kakhulu e umdlavuza ngamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ayingxenye izidakamizwa ezifana "Carboplatin" futhi "Cisplatin". Ruthenium oxide camera electrode lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa chlorine kanye sodium chlorate. Rhodium sulfate kanye rhodium phosphate elisetshenziswa Electroplating nokugeza.