Amabhuku aseTolstoy. Ubuntwana, imfundo, izimbali zomsebenzi womlobi

Amabhuku kaTolstoy ayaziwa kunoma yimuphi umuntu ofundisiwe emhlabeni wonke. U-Leo Nikolayevich mhlawumbe umbhali waseRussia odumile kakhulu nomcabangi. Umsebenzi wakhe wemibhobho engu-8 othi "Impi Nokuthula" komunye uhlambalaza owodwa uhlobo lwawo, abanye bayayithanda imininingwane ejulile. Kodwa lokhu kuyi-classical engacacile, okuyiyona efanelekile kuyo yonke into ephezulu yomsebenzi wemisebenzi engcono kakhulu. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, izincwadi zikaTolstoy zamenza waba yinhloko yemibhalo yaseRussia. Umsebenzi wakhe wathonya ukuthuthukiswa kobuqiniso njengendlela yokuziphatha, kanye nokuphila kwabantu baseYurophu.

Ubuntwana kanye nemfundo

U-Leo Tolstoy ungummeleli wobukhosi basendulo. Bavela kumngane kaPeter Omkhulu. U-Leo Tolstoy wazalelwa ngo-1828 endaweni yezindlalifa emndenini womama - uJasnaya Polyana. Ngemva kokufa kwabazali bakhe, isihlobo esiseduze saseYergolskaya, bese kuthiwa udadewabo kababa ka-Osten-Saken, waqala ukubhekana nemfundo yomlobi ozayo nabafowabo. Kwasekupheleni kweKazan ukuthi uLeva osemncane wacabange kuqala ngesidingo sokuzikhandla komuntu siqu. Zonke izincwadi zesikhathi esizayo zeTolstoy zizobonisa lesi sihloko. Ekuqaleni, ukuqeqeshwa kukaLeos Tolstoy, umJalimane uRoselman wamenywa. Wayenemvelo futhi wayemthanda kakhulu umfana. Endabeni, kamuva eyabhala uTolstoy ("Ubuntwana"), wachaza uthisha wakhe wangaphambili ngesithombe sikaKarl Ivanovich. Emva kukaRoselman, imfundo yomfana yenziwa ngumFulentshi Saint-Thomas (Saint-Jerome we "Adolescence"). Njengabafowabo abathathu, uTolstoy wafunda eYunivesithi yaseKazan. Ngonyaka wokuqala wayengeke ahlanganyele nesayensi futhi kuphela okwesibili kwasuswa imisebenzi yaseMontesquieu.

Ukuthokozisa kokuqala kokubhala

Ngo-1847, ngenkathi ekwelapheni esibhedlela, uLobert Tolstoy waqala ukugcina idayari. Akazange ayeke lo msebenzi kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Kulo, njengoBenjamin Franklin, wabeka imigomo nemisebenzi yokuzikhukhumeza, ukuphumelela okuphawulweyo nokuhluleka, wahlaziya imicabango yakhe nezenzo zakhe. Akazange abuyele eyunivesithi. Ukulahlekelwa kwekhadi elikhulu eMoscow kwaphoqa uLeo ukuba ajoyine inkonzo yezempi. Ngemva kokudlula ukuhlolwa, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wabhalisa njenge-cadet emzaneni we-Starogladov Cossack. Kusukela lapha uqale wathumela ehhovisi lokubhala lephephabhuku uSovremennik umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - i-Childhood inoveli yezingane. Uma bengayamukeli, ngakho-ke, ngamathuba aphezulu, ezinye izincwadi zikaTolstoy azike zivele. Wabamba iqhaza emikhankanyeni eminingi nezintaba, bese evikela iSastopol. Ngo-1965 uTolstoy washiya umsebenzi wezempi. Wabhala iMpi noxolo, kanye no-Anna Karenina. Iningi lazo zonke uTolstoy wayenesithakazelo ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu, kungenzeka ukuthi ngcono kokuziphatha.

"Impi Nokuthula"

Ukusebenza emsebenzini odume kakhulu womlobi kwakungaphambi komsebenzi encwadini ethi "The Decembrists". Wabuyela kuye izikhathi eziningi empilweni yakhe, kodwa akazange aqede. Njengazo zonke ezinye izincwadi zikaTolstoy, i-War and Peace iyiveli mayelana nokukhula komuntu. Lokhu kuyinto eyingqayizivele ezincwadini zomhlaba. It kabanzi kabanzi zonke izingxenye zomphakathi waseRussia, ezihlukahlukene abalingiswa kanye ubudala ngokumelene ngemuva kwezimpi Napoleonic ngo 1805-1812. "Impi nokuthula" yindalo eyithandayo eyomlobi, umqhele womsebenzi wakhe. Kulo msebenzi ubuhlakani bukaLevi Nikolaevich Tolstoy bubonakala ekugcwaleni kwawo. Ingqikithi yokuqala evela encwadini enombhalo enezintambo eziningi yashicilelwa emaphephandabeni uRussky Vestnik ngo-1865, okwamukelwa masinyane ngokufudumele. Lo msebenzi omkhulu wabonisa ngokucacile ifilosofi kaTolstoy: "Ukuguquka okunamlando - lokhu akuwona umsebenzi womuntu oyedwa, kodwa umphumela wokusebenzisana."

U-Anna Karenina

U-Tolstoy izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa wachaza iMpi nokuthula njengencwadi ethi "yesikhathi esedlule." "U-Anna Karenina" ekuqaleni wayekhulelwe umlobi njengomsebenzi ngokuphila kwanamuhla. Futhi lapha akukho zenzakalo zomlando. Kodwa umphefumulo wangempela womuntu nokuthuthukiswa kwawo kuboniswa. Kulombukiso awukho ukuhlangana. Konke kuphelela lapho, lapho kuqala, okungukuthi, esitimeleni. Lapho ehamba eMoscow ukuyohlangana nomfowabo, u-Anna ufunda ngo-Alexei Vronsky. Umakhelwane wakhe egumbini unina. Bobabili bahlangana endaweni yesikhulumi futhi bafunde ukuthi ngaphansi kwamavili ohambo umlindi wafa. Lokhu "uphawu olubi" luxwayiswe ngokubhujiswa okuseduze komndeni. Uthando olunzima lukaKarenina oshadile noVronsky luyaphambene nokuphila komndeni okujabulisayo kaKatya Shcherbatskaya kanye nabantu abaseduze noKonstantin Levin. Leveli yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1875 eRussia Gazette.

Imisebenzi kaTolstoy ayaziwa kuphela emazweni ase-post-Soviet, kodwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Bahlaziywa ngothando futhi isikhathi ngasinye ngokumangala bathola into entsha, imininingwane encane eyashintsha isichazamazwi futhi inikeza enye incazelo. Ngakho-ke, uLoot Tolstoy uyinhlakanipho yezincwadi zesiRashiya, izincwadi zakhe ezifanele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.