Nesayensi yebuhlakani: umlando, ngesisekelo ngokwengqondo, kuncike, izinjongo kanye nezindlela zocwaningo

Yini kungaba indlela evame kakhulu kwengqondo, yezilimi ufundisa intelligence yokufakelwa futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ulwazi? Konke okungenhla ihlanganisa ngempumelelo nesayensi yebuhlakani. Le nkambu imikhakha eyahlukene iye ukutadisha izinqubo engqondweni yethu nangokwengqondo okwenzeka ebuchosheni nezilwane.

Umlando Cognitive Science

Enye emangalisayo zefilosofi omkhulu kaPlato no-Aristotle babenesithakazelo ubunjalo komuntu. Imisebenzi eminingi nezinto ezicatshangwayo izikhathi yaseGrisi yasendulo ziye phambili ngale ndaba. Ekhulwini XVII sezibalo French sefilosofi Rene Dekart yawenza physics ukuqonda ngesilinganiso esithile ukuthi lokhu isayensi, ethi umzimba nengqondo yezidalwa Abaphilayo izinto ezizimele.

Umbhali welithi "nesayensi yebuhlakani" ngo-1973 baba Christopher Longuet-Higgins, oye wacwaninga intelligence yokufakelwa. Journal of Cognitive Science yasungulwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, nesayensi yebuhlakani waba isiqondiso ezimele.

Cabanga amagama abacwaningi abadume kunabo emkhakheni:

• Dzhon Serl idale ukuhlola umcabango ngokuthi "endlini Chinese".
• Physiologist Dzheyms Makklelland, ukuhlola ubuchopho.
• USteven Pinker - onguchwepheshe emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo zokuhlola.
• Dzhordzh Lakoff - umcwaningi wesayensi yezilimi.

isayensi yesimanje engqondweni yethu

Ososayensi ngizama ukubakhumbuza practice uxhumano kobuchopho izitho zomzimba kanye izenzakalo engqondo, usebenzisa ngeso. Uma emakhulwini eminyaka edlule of Komuntu awuzange kunakwe, kodwa manje likhona ekutadisheni imisebenzi eyisisekelo nesayensi yebuhlakani.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwale imfundiso iyonke incike intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, imaging, kokusungulwa okuyinto babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu ukuqhubeka okwengeziwe ngokuba khona kanye nokuthuthukiswa nesayensi yebuhlakani. Iskena wasivumela ukuba ubone ngaphakathi ebuchosheni, Ngakho-ke, ukutadisha izinqubo kusebenta kwato. Ososayensi bathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kuzosiza abantu yembula izimfihlo kwengqondo yethu. Ngokwesibonelo, nokuxhumana zobuchopho futhi uqondiswe isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

nodaba, izinjongo kanye nezindlela ucwaningo nesayensi yebuhlakani

Zonke ohlobene kwengqondo yomuntu, kuya kweleshumi XX, kwaba nje Ukuqagela, ngoba sekuyisikhathi vivinya lowombono practice kwakungenakwenzeka. Imibono ebuchosheni akhiwa ngesisekelo ulwazi waboleka mayelana intelligence yokufakelwa, ucwaningo ngokwengqondo futhi physiology ayanda isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

Kufanekisa futhi connectionism - izindlela classical sibalo, akhombe izinhlelo yobuchopho. Indlela yokuqala isekelwe umqondo yokufana yingqondo yomuntu ngekhompyutha kokuba central processing unit kanye ukusebenza kwedatha ukusakaza. Connectionism ngokuphelele imifuziselo, elichaza ukuthi ukungavumelani idatha Neurobiology womsebenzi kobuchopho. ukucabanga Human kungenziwa zishukunyiswa yokufakelwa amanethiwekhi kwemizwa ukucubungula idatha kanyekanye.

Cognitive Science njengegama eliyisambulela sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi E. S. Kubryakovoy ngonyaka 2004, ukufundisa kuhlanganisa eziningi izifundo uxhumana:

• Philosophy kwengqondo.
• Psychology kokulinganisa kanye nasemakhonweni okuhlakanipha.
• Intelligence yokufakelwa.
• yezilimi yezengqondo, ethology kanye anthropology.
• Neurophysiology, Neurology futhi yezinzwa.
• Ehlanganiswe nesayensi yebuhlakani.
• Neurolinguistics futhi psycholinguistics.

Philosophy kwengqondo njengoba omunye izingxenye nesayensi yebuhlakani

Into ezifundwa kwesiyalo izici ukwazi nokuxhumana kwalo ngokoqobo ngokomzimba (izakhiwo yengqondo ingqondo). Isazi sefilosofi American Richard Rorty ngokuthi yesimanjemanje ukuthi ukufundisa ewusizo kuphela nefilosofi.

Kukhona inani elikhulu izinkinga ezisuka kusukela imizamo ukuphendula umbuzo yini ukwazi kuyinto. Omunye izihloko ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi engqondweni yethu izifundo zesayensi nale isiyalo - kuba ngentando yomuntu. I materialists bakholelwa ukuthi ngiqaphele - ingxenye ngokoqobo ngokomzimba kanye Izwe elisizungezile zithithibele ngokuphelele imithetho yemvelo. Ngakho, umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi ukuthi ngokuziphatha komuntu kuncike isayensi. Ngenxa yalokho, asikwazi khulula.

Okunye zefilosofi, kuhlanganise Kant kuhlanganisiwe, eqiniseka ukuthi ngokoqobo akukwazi engaphansi ngokuphelele ku-physics. Abasekeli balobu umbono bakholwe nenkululeko umphumela komsebenzi kudingwa isizathu sangempela.

Psychology engqondweni yethu

Lokhu isiyalo etadisha izinqubo engqondweni yethu yomuntu. Izikhwama ngokwengqondo Cognitive Science liqukethe ulwazi kumemori, imizwa, ukunakwa, umcabango, ukucabanga okunengqondo, ikhono lokuzenzela izinqumo. Imininingwane okusha izifundo ukuguqulwa esekelwe amadivayisi ukufana Computing nezinqubo womuntu yobuchopho. Umqondo obujwayelekile psyche like idivayisi elikwazi isignali ukuguqulwa. Yangaphakathi izikimu lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo umsebenzi umzimba ngesikhathi yokufunda ingafeza lukhulu kule mfundiso. Lezi izinhlelo ezimbili babe amandla wokuthwebula, esitolo kanye okukhiphayo.

ethology engqondweni yethu

Ukuyala etadisha umsebenzi okunengqondo ingqondo izilwane. Akhuluma ngokuzokwenzeka ethology, akunakwenzeka ukuba cabanga uCharles Darwin. semvelo English wagomela hhayi kuphela mayelana nokuba khona imizwelo, ukuhlakanipha nekhono ukulingisa nifunde izilwane, kodwa futhi ukucabanga. Umsunguli ethology ngo-1973 baba owathola umklomelo kaNobel e zomzimba Konrad Lorenz. Usosayensi wathola izilwane ezimangalisayo kuyilapho amandla okudlulisela ulwazi nomunye, okuholela enqubweni yokufunda yonke.

Stiven Vayz, onguprofesa eHarvard University, e umsebenzi wakhe isici isihloko "Phula yezinyoni" bavumelana ukuthi iplanethi ewuMhlaba kuyinto isidalwa esiphilayo eyodwa kuphela uyakwazi okwenza umculo, ukwakha rocket, nokuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo. Kuyinto Yebo, umuntu enengqondo. Kodwa hhayi kuphela abantu abakwazi ngakhubeka, ntokazi, ukucabanga, nokunye. Lokho "abafowethu abasebasha" babe namakhono amahle okukhulumisana nabanye, izimiso zokuziphatha, izinkambiso yokuziphatha futhi umuzwa tebuciko. Ukrainian academician O. Neurosciences Kristal kuqashelwe ukuthi kuze kube yimanje, behaviorism onqotshwa, futhi lezi zilwane zingaphansi ayisabhekwa njengendlela "amarobhothi ophilayo."

ihluzo engqondweni yethu

Ukufunda kuyinto ehlanganisa amasu nezindlela zokubukwa izinkinga upende ukuze uthole mfana mayelana isiphetho yayo noma isinqumo lilonke. nesayensi yebuhlakani osebenza la amasu e yokufakelwa intelligence izinhlelo, elingase ukuguqula incazelo semibhalo umsebenti umfanekiso engokomfanekiso.

DA Pospelov kwakhiwa imisebenzi emithathu eyinhloko eseyi:

• imfundo amamodeli we ulwazi, okungase kube lezinto ukuthi ichaze ukucabanga okunengqondo nelokuzitlamela;
• ngeso kwedatha akunakwenzeka okwamanje ukuchaza ngamazwi;
• ekutholeni izindlela ukwedlulisela kuzithombe esingokomfanekiso izinqubo ekwakhiweni, kufihlwe ngemuva Dynamics yabo.