Iyini imiphumela relativistic?

physics Classical linombono wokuthi bonke ababukele, kungakhathaliseki indawo, uzothola imiphumela efanayo ezilinganisweni zabo isikhathi nobude. Isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto uthi kwakucaca ezibukelini uthole imiphumela ehlukene, Ukuhlanekezelwa zokuphumula ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-"imiphumela relativistic". Lapho esondela ijubane lokukhanya physics Newton uyagudluka.

ijubane lokukhanya

Usosayensi A. Michelson olwenziwa ngo 1881 ukulinganisa isivinini yokukhanya, ngabona ukuthi le miphumela ngeke incike ijubane nge esishukumisela umthombo ngemisebe. Bekanye EV Michelson Morley isilingo 1887 benza olunye sokuhlola, ngemva kwalokho izwe wawucacile: kungakhathaliseki lapho isiqondiso isilinganiso ijubane lokukhanya ikhona yonke indawo futhi njalo okufanayo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo engqubuzana imibono physics ngesikhathi, ngoba uma ukukhanya luhamba endaweni ethile (emoyeni), kanye iplanethi ihamba ngo medium esifanayo, izilinganiso bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene akukwazi okufanayo.

Kamuva, French oyisazi sezibalo nesezinkanyezi Jules Anri Puankare wayengomunye wabasunguli be-mbono yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Wakha theory Lorentz owawuthi umile ether ekhona, ngakho ijubane lokukhanya isihlobo kuso akuxhomekile izinga umthombo. I ozimele ezihambayo eyenziwa Lorentz ukuguqulwa, kunokuba waseGalile (uGalileo ukuguqulwa yokutholwa kude kangaka esikhathini Mechanics Newton). Kusukela ukuguqulwa waseGalile waba yintfo lekhetsekile ushintsho Lorentz, kwathatha elinye inertial inkomba uhlelo nge ezincane (kuqhathaniswa ijubane lokukhanya) ngesivinini.

Ukuqedwa we-ether

umphumela Relativistic yokunciphisa obuphelele, obizwa nangokuthi Lorentz ukusikwa, wukuthi for ingqapheli izinto ezihambayo isihlobo kuso, uzoba obuphelele ezincane.

A neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni theory wokuhlobana kwezinto Albert Eynshteyn kwethulwa. Yena ezaqedwa ngokuphelele eside ezifana "ether", kuze kube prisutstvavshy isikhathi ukucabanga futhi izibalo zesayensi, futhi zonke imiqondo mayelana izakhiwo space kanye nesikhathi, lapho wawugxilisa kinematics.

Ngemva nisebenzela ekukhanyeni Einstein, Poincaré hhayi kuphela wayeka ngokubhala amaphepha isayensi ngale ndaba, kodwa akazange akhulume egameni ozakwabo yimiphi imisebenzi yakhe, ngaphandle uma kwenzeka kuphela yenkomba kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umphumela Photoelectric. Poincaré baqhubeka ukuxoxa izakhiwo elithi ether, sebekubeke ekwenqabeleni iyiphi ukushicilelwa Einstein, nakuba kuleli cala usosayensi omkhulu kakhulu, bahlonishwe, aze amnikeza isici brilliant, lapho abaphathi Higher Polytechnic School ukukumema Einstein e Zurich ube onguprofesa esikoleni.

ithiyori wokuhlobana kwezinto

Ngisho nabaningi balabo abaphila ngokuphelele ephikisana physics kanye mathematics, okungenani ngo Imibandela, yilokhu imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto, ngoba mhlawumbe edume kakhulu kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi. It postulates adilize lwemibono abavamile isikhathi nendawo, futhi nakuba bonke abafundi bafunde theory wokuhlobana kwezinto, kodwa ukuqonda ke yaphelela akwanele nje ukwazi ifomula.

isikhathi Ukuvuleka komlomo umphumela kuhlolwa ukuhlola futhi izindiza leSupersonic. Esinembile iwashi athomu ibhodi, sengibuyile waqala zisale ngokuba a uqhekeko wesibili. Uma kukhona izingqapheli ezimbili, enye yazo umile kanye nezinye uhamba ngesivinini isihlobo ezithile zokuqala, kuyilapho obuka ngubani umile, ngizoya ngokushesha, futhi leyo nto ihamba isikhashana liyohlala isikhashana. Nokho, uma umuntu obuka ezihambayo ozonquma ukuze ubuyele emuva futhi ukuhlola isikhathi, kuvela ukuthi iwashi lakhe yabonisa kancane ezincane kulokuqala. Okungukuthi, kokuba ibanga elikhulu kakhulu kulesi silinganiso isikhala, yena "wayechitha" isikhathi esingaphansi, ngenkathi ezihambayo.

imiphumela Relativistic empilweni

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuba bagcine imiphumela relativistic kuphela uma ijubane lokukhanya, noma indlela kukho, futhi ngempela kunjalo, kodwa ungabuka kubo, hhayi nje ukuthi ucu aluhlangani mkhathi yakho. On emakhasini esavela ephephabhukwini lesayensi i-Physical ukubuyekeza Izincwadi zingafundwa ziphinde zifundwe umsebenzi ezincwadini ososayensi Swedish. Wabika ukuthi imiphumela relativistic abakhona ngisho kwebhethri imoto. Nqubo Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukunyakaza okusheshayo electron ukuzulazula kwama-athomu lomthofu (endleleni, benesizathu iningi lo voltage in terminals). Kwenza kucace nokuthi kungani, naphezu ukufana phambili futhi ithini amabhethri tin ezisekelwe azisebenzi.

izinsimbi engavamile

ijubane ukujikeleza we electron kuma-atom kuyinto ngempela ongaphakeme, ngakho imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto akusebenzi nje, kodwa kukhona ezinye okuhlukile. Uma ukuhambisa olunye futhi phambili phansi etafuleni ngenkathi ethile, kusobala ukuthi ukuhola ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho eziningi izakhi kuwo. Ungqimba enkulu nuclei is counterbalanced ngokwandisa Isivinini electron, futhi kungase ukusondela ngisho ukukhanya.

Uma sicabangela lokhu isici kusukela ithiyori wokuhlobana kwezinto, kuyacaca ukuthi electron Kulezo zimo kufanele kube yisisindo esikhulu. Indlela kuphela ukuze asindise umfutho emincane, kodwa esemkhathini uzobe onomfutho radially, futhi empeleni ebonwe athomu of izinsimbi ezisindayo, kodwa esemkhathini electron "kancane" angiguquki. Lo mphumela relativistic is nasemkhakheni athomu okusansimbi ezithile s-orbitals ne efanele, ukuma spherically izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. Kukholakala ukuthi ngenxa kwezinto mercury has a isimo liquid wokuhlanganisa emazingeni okushisa okuvamile.

ukuya emkhathini

Izinto emkhathini kuthiwa bahlukana ngu nokuqhelelana kwezindawo, noma ngisho nalapho sihamba ngejubane lokukhanya kungathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuzinqoba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze uthole ku-Alpha Centauri - inkanyezi eseduze, mkhathi, kokuba ngejubane lokukhanya, thatha iminyaka emine, futhi ukufeza yomthala wethu angomakhelwane - the ezinkulu Magellanic Google - isidingo iminyaka eyinkulungwane 160.

Fly ukuze Alpha Centauri futhi emuva Kusengenzeka, ngoba Imininingwane edingekayo kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, futhi abantu abebehlala imoto abazizwa umphumela isikhathi Ukuvuleka komlomo, le nkathi izoba ingasaphathwa, kodwa ebuya uhambo kwamakhelwane Umthala osomkhathi uthole ukuthi iplanethi lwabo lwendabuko kwase kudlule amakhulu amathathu namashumi amabili ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, impucuko womuntu kungenzeka eside abasekho. Ngakho, imiphumela relativistic uvumele abantu ukuba bathuthele ngesikhathi. Kuthathwa enye yezinkinga eyinhloko ukuhlola umkhathi, ngoba liyini iphuzu ayokuhlula Uma uwubuka usemkhathini, uma akakwazi ukubuyela?

izenzo eziningi

Ngaphezu kancane isikhathi phansi owaziwa, futhi kukhona relativistic Doppler umphumela, owawuthi uma umthombo wave iqala ezihambayo, le lokusakaza wokuzuliswa isiqondiso ukunyakaza, uzobe ziqondakala ingqapheli ngokuthi "dlala", futhi maqondana kokukhipha wavelength luyanda.

into enjalo esivamile iyiphi amagagasi, ngakho-ke kungabonakala isibonelo umsindo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. umsindo wave ukunciphisa ziqondakala indlebe njengomuntu ithoni liphuma. Ngakho-ke, lapho uphawu isitimela noma imoto ungezwakala esekude, kuba ephansi, futhi uma isitimela ngeke ngiye phambili obukele, khuluma ngaso umsindo ofanayo, ukuphakama kwayo kuyoba ephakeme ngesikhathi indlela, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho wahosha ezingeni izakhiwo kanye isitimela uyasuka, ithoni evele lehla ngezansi futhi uzoqhubeka ehamba phezu amanothi engezansi.

Le miphumela relativistic okubangelwa classical analog imvamisa ushintsho ngesikhathi umamukeli nomthombo ezinyakazayo futhi relativistic deceleration isikhathi.

mayelana uzibuthe

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zesayensi yesimanje ngokwethukela ukuxoxa kazibuthe njengoba nomphumela relativistic. Ngokusho lokhu incazelo emuva, amandla kazibuthe akuyona inhlangano ezimele ngokomzimba lwezinto, akusiyo ngisho uhlobo kagesi emkhakheni ukubonakaliswa. Amandla kazibuthe ngokuya imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto - inqubo kuphela okuyinto eyenzeka esikhaleni emhlabeni amacala iphuzu ngenxa yokudlulisela inkambu kagesi.

Amalungu lo mbono bakholelwa ukuthi ukube C (ijubane lokukhanya e cleaner) kwaba obungapheli, ijubane esiphelweni kokusebenzisana kakhulu kwakuyoba angenamkhawulo, futhi ngenxa yalokho akunakwenzeka uneminye kuwukubonakaliswa uzibuthe.