Paleontology - Science yilokhu? Yini ukutadisha-paleontology?

Palaeontology - isayensi study izici isakhiwo nomsebenzi eziphilayo ezazikhona esikhathini esidlule Geological, walondoloza bemivubukulo ekuphileni okulandelayo futhi oryctocoenoses.

paleontology yesimanje

Ingase futhi lingachazwa ngokuthi isayensi okhuluma ekutadisheni zonke zocwaningo ukubonakaliswa etholakalayo zokuphila in the izinkathi ezedlule kwemvelo wokuphila kiwo woke amazinga (umzimba, labantu, biogeocoenosis).

Into zocwaningo kusikisela ukuthi palaeontology - kuyinto isayensi yemvelo, okuyinto ubuhlobo obuseduze yokwakheka komhlaba, okwasetshenziswa kakhulu ngemiphumela yocwaningo kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo ukhonza njengomdala umthombo owusizo ulwazi mayelana imvelo ukuphila. Kuyinto lokhu ubuhlobo futhi inquma ubuqotho-paleontology, okuyinto amathrekhi kanye nabanye izinto esikhathini kwemvelo yokuphila nemvelo ezikude esidlule umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Inhloso Nezinjongo

Njengoba kushiwo, isayensi uyafundelwa paleontology eziphilayo ezingasekho owawuhlala esidlule umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Yileyo injongo yesifundo kuhilela ukucaciswa zonke izici khona kwabo. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, isakhiwo (morphology) futhi taxonomy; ukusatshalaliswa emkhathini kanye nesikhathi; izindlela nemithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo; yokuphila futhi imvelo.

Yonke imisebenzi zixhumene nomunye. Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi ukufunda izici morphological akuyona isiphetho ngokwakho kodwa esihlobene systematization eziphilayo. Strictly uhlelo yesayensi ayikwazi eyakhelwe ngaphandle ekutadisheni izici kwemvelo nokunye izindlela zokuthuthukiswa komlando izilwane nezitshalo amaqembu ingengaakwazi ngaphandle ulwazi indawo ye-serial izinsalela zabo ezingqimbeni futhi umthelela yizici zemvelo ku eziphilayo. ukuhlaziywa Functional kusenza siqonde indlela yokuphila ngenxa morphology izidalwa. Ngakho, umsebenzi wokugcina futhi ebaluleke kakhulu palaeontology - kuwulwazi kwemvelo emhlabeni organic ukuvela zomlando Zomhlaba.

ngezigaba

Palaeontology - isayensi eziphilayo ezingasekho zasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu umbandela futhi wakha sisekelo ngezigaba, futhi ukubonakala khona neminye iminyango eminingana:

• Paleozoology sekuyisikhathi utadisha izinsalela isilwane eziphilayo. Yena, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: eyokuqala uhlola ezingenamgogodla lasendulo, kanti eyesibili - of the yezilwane ezinomgogodla lasendulo.
• Paleobotanist enikelwe ekutadisheni izitshalo wezinsalela zamandulo. Ngo oyiyo has ezingaphansi eziningi Sciences. Lokhu paleoalgologiya (isifundo wezinsalela ulwelwe), kanye paleopalynology (isifundo zamathambo impova lasendulo kanye ezinhlamvu izitshalo), njalo njalo. D.
• Paleomycology. Into isifundo sakhe kukhona izinsalela zamathambo isikhunta.
• Micropalaeontology. Leli yigama ikhodi esebenziswe lapho kuziwa ekutadisheni izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo lasendulo (benthic lenyama, ostracods, zooplankton ehlukahlukene phytoplankton, amagciwane).
• Paleoecology izifundo uxhumano eziphilayo ezazikhona esikhathini eside esidlule, nomunye futhi indawo yabo kulesi silinganiso kwenani kanye nemvelo.
• Paleobiogeography ucabangela imithetho izindawo zezinto eziphilayo lasendulo ngokuqondene obuseduze ukuvela sezulu, ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, kanye nabanye.
• Biostratinomy futhi taphonomy basafunda amaphethini ukusabalala nokungcwatshwa lasendulo uhlala.

Umlando paleontology: imithombo

incazelo enembile yolwazi mayelana nohlobo izinsalela kuyinto intela kwabase-Chinese zemvelo European Renaissance. Ekhulwini XVII, ososayensi ababili (N. Steno, R. uHooke) cishe ngasikhathi sinye, ngayodwana okokuqala ziqala ukukhuluma izinto eziphilayo. A MV Lomonosov Ngemva kweminyaka engaba yikhulu Kutfutfukisa ukubukwa ngaphambili zabo, okusikisela ukuthi ngokwemvelo kule nqubo ye lasungulwa kwakukhona njalo ushintsho kwemvelo.

Lezi imibono ukubeka phambili nososayensi bakwamanye amazwe: French Buffon noJ Soulavie, waseBrithani uJohn Hutton ..

Kubaluleka paleontology waqala ukwakha, uma ekuqaleni we XIX leminyaka W. Smith wakwazi bathethelele indlela ukucacisa yobudala zokwakheka Geological okuqondene isibonelo zamathambo ezilwane ezingenamgogodla futhi yayisekelwe ekucabangeleni zabo, ibalazwe lokuqala Geological emlandweni.

Paleontology njengendlela isiyalo ngokwesayensi. Umlando kumiswa

Kumila ke njengendlela isiyalo lwesayensi intela Georges Cuvier, ngubani, ngemuva ngokuqhathanisa ukuhlaziya okujulile yokwakheka ithambo uhlala ezincelisayo lasendulo, empeleni wadala yezilwane ezinomgogodla Paleontology.

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa, le sezitshalo French Adolphe Brongniart eshicilelwe "Umlando izitshalo wezinsalela zamandulo." Yakhe Ngakho wabeka izisekelo paleobotanists.

Palaeontology - isayensi, eyayaziwa ngokuthi petromatognoziya. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala leli gama luhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. Ekugcineni, isayensi iye yathola igama lakhe 1840s, lapho engumFulentshi D. Orbigny baqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "i-paleontology nesayensi" ezisezincwadini zabo.

Ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi

Paleontology - isiyalo ngokwesayensi ukuthi uhlobene eduze namanye wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Lobu buhlobo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa nokusetshenziswa ngokwengxenye yezindlela wesayensi ezihlobene: labantu zofuzo, biology zentuthuko, Cytology, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ibhayomethrikhi nabanye.

Ukuqhuba izifundo wezinsalela zamandulo yesimanje ngokuvamile ihambisana ngokusebenzisa amasu zakamuva esekelwe ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene lemisebe chemical ukuhlaziywa, futhi ukuskena electron microscopy futhi t. D. Fakazela ngobuhlobo obuseduze futhi mutual ezivela ezimpikweni ezifana anatomy ukuqhathanisa, morphology futhi taxonomy zezilwane nezitshalo. Isidingo ukuhlaziywa nokutadisha morphogenesis kwezakhiwo lwamathambo zamathambo obusebenzayo kwenza interpenetration ka-paleontology, izitho zomzimba, Embryology, Biomechanics.

link Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje ziye ekwandiseni paleontology wesayensi kwemvelo (biogeocenology, biogeography) ngenxa ekuqongeleleni inqwaba yezinto ezibonakalayo, sivumele afeze Luhlatiyo komlando wasendulo eziphilayo nge izindlela actualism.