Umlando physics: sengithi zesayensi kanye abakutholile

Nakuba umlando physics njengenhlangano isayensi ezimele kuphela owaqala ekhulwini XVII, kwaqala kukhona endulo kakhulu, lapho abantu baqala ukuhlela ulwazi lwakhe lokuqala mayelana nezwe elibazungezile. Kuze kube sezikhathini zanamuhla awase nefilosofi yemvelo futhi kufakwe ulwazi mayelana Mechanics, nesayensi zomzimba. Umlando real physics uqalile sibonga ucwaningo kaGalileo nabafundi bakhe. Futhi isisekelo isiyalo yasungulwa by Newton.

Esikhathini XVIII futhi XIX leminyaka, kwakukhona imiqondo esemqoka: .. Energy, mass, ama-athomu, umfutho, njll Ekhulwini XX kwaba ukulinganiselwa ecacile physics classical (ngaphandle-ke umsuka quantum physics, kwezinto theory, imfundiso yokuziphendukela microparticles, njll ...). ulwazi Pure kulekelelwa futhi namuhla, njengoba zisekhona izinkinga eziningi kungalungiswanga nemibuzo mayelana nohlobo izwe lethu ivulela abacwaningi kanye indawo yonke.

endulo

Eziningi zalezi zezinkolo zamaqaba zezwe lasendulo ngokusekelwe ngezinkanyezi nabathwebulayo ulwazi. Ngenxa imibono yabo isibhakabhaka ebusuku laliya yokukhanya. Ukubuthelela ulwazi lomkhathi ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta ukuthuthukiswa wezibalo. Nokho, kwakuthiwa ukuchaza izimbangela zemvelo bahluleka lasendulo. Abapristi isibaluli umbani kanye solar kungaphezu yolaka lwaphezulu ukuthi zazingenzelwanga nesayensi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siye safunda ukuba ulinganise ubude, isisindo kanye engeli Ancient Egypt. Lolu lwazi kwakudingekile ukuba abaklami ekwakhiweni kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe omkhulukazi namathempeli. Ukuthuthukisa Mechanics isicelo. Oqinile wakhe babengabalandeli abaseBhabhiloni. Babuye lusekelwe olwazini lwabo yezinkanyezi, baqala ukusebenzisa ngosuku ukukala isikhathi.

Ancient umlando Chinese physics lwaluqala BC VII leminyaka. e. Okuhlangenwe nakho zanqwabelana obuciko ukwakhiwa yabekwa ukuhlaziywa yesayensi, imiphumela okuyinto banikezwe emibhalweni zefilosofi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke nombhali ubhekwa Mo-tzu, owaphila BC IV leminyaka. e. Wenza umzamo wokuqala ukwakha umthetho eyisisekelo inertia. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, amaShayina kuqala owasungula le ikhampasi. Babona imithetho yokukhanya yejeyomethri, futhi wayazi mayelana khona obscura ikhamera. EChina uvele iziqalo umculo theory kanye umsindo, okuyinto isikhathi eside wayengayazi West.

endulo

umlando oMdala physics eyaziwa kakhulu ezazini zesiGreki. cwaningo lwazo lwalusekelwe ulwazi be-Jomethri Aljibhra. Ngokwesibonelo, Pythagoreans ngowokuqala ngazisa ukuthi imvelo kungaphansi kwemithetho jikelele wezibalo. Le ndlela amaGreki nazibona yokukhanya, ukufunda izinkanyezi, umculo, omakhenikha kanye nezinye.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa physics ayengayisebenzisa wacabanga ngaphandle kwemisebenzi zika-Aristotle, Plato-Archimedes, Heron, futhi Lucretius. Imibhalo yabo ezisekhona kuze kube izikhathi zethu ngendlela ngokwanele lephelele. zefilosofi ayehlukile kuzo besikhathi sakhe bakwamanye amazwe ukuze bakwazi ukuchaza imithetho physics akuzona imiqondo wasenganekwaneni, kodwa ngomqondo Ngokombono ongokwesayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amaGreki Kwakukhona amaphutha amakhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Mechanics Aristotle. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa physics njengoba isayensi ukweleta kakhulu ongqondongqondo yaseGrisi, uma kuphela ngoba ifilosofi yabo yemvelo wahlala ngesisekelo isayensi ngamazwe ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII.

Umthelela Aleksandriya amaGreki

Ama-athomu omoya Demokrit washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela, owawuthi zonke izidumbu akhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane futhi indivisible. Empedocles ezihlongozwayo umthetho ukulondolozwa ndaba. Wabeka isisekelo Archimedes hydrostatics kanye Mechanics, ethula imfundiso yokuziphendukela isigwedlo, futhi kubalwa ubukhulu buoyancy ketshezi. Wayengumuntu nombhali elithi "maphakathi gravity".

Alexandria ngesiGreki Heron kubhekwa omunye onjiniyela abakhulu emlandweni wesintu. He qamba a umusi ophephela ulwazi efingqiwe ye kuyaqina kanye compressibility we amagesi emoyeni. Umlando yezinto zemvelo noma yokuthakwa yokukhanya sibonga baqhubeka Euclid, ukuhlola imfundiso yokuziphendukela izibuko kanye nemithetho efanele.

Ephakathi

Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma beza igoqe ngempucuko yasendulo. amakhono abaningi baye ukhohliwe. Europe cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane, wayeka ekuthuthukisweni kwalo ngokwesayensi. Amathempeli yolwazi baba zezindela abangamaKristu, wakwazi ukugcina eminye imisebenzi yesikhathi esidlule. Nokho, intuthuko ehlile ibandla uqobo. Walalela ifilosofi imfundiso yenkolo. Ongqondongqondo abaye bazama ukuya ngale ke limenyezelwe izihlubuki futhi wawajezisa kanzima Yamacala Ezihlubuki.

Ngenxa yalokhu, le igunya of ngesayensi yemvelo isidlulile ukuze amaSulumane. Umlando ukuvela physics Arabhu elihlobene ne translation ngolimi lwabo imisebenzi yezazi yamaGreki asendulo. Ngesisekelo ongqondongqondo kwabo East siye sazakhela ezibaluleke eyabo. Ngokwesibonelo, Al Jazeera echazwe umsunguli we crankshaft kuqala.

yokujama tsi European waqhubeka kwaze kwaba Renaissance. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi Elidala Umhlaba baye baklama izibuko futhi uchaze umsuka rainbow. German sefilosofi xv ekhulwini Nikolay Kuzansky wokuqala ohlongozwayo wokuthi umkhathi elingapheli, futhi kuze kube manje ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa uLeonardo da Vinci kwaba owathola le mkhuba capillarity futhi umthetho ukuhilizisana. Wazama nokuthintana ukudala ngokunyakaza umshini obuphakade, kodwa ningenzi umsebenzi, kuqalile ngemcondvo ukufakazela impracticability iphrojekthi enjalo.

Renaissance

Ngo 1543 isazi sezinkanyezi Polish Nikolay Kopernik eshicilelwe umsebenzi enkulu yokuphila kwakhe "Ngo ukujikeleza izindikimba zasezulwini". Kule ncwadi okokuqala emiBhalweni YamaKristu Izwe Elidala kwazanywa ukuvikela imodeli heliocentric zomhlaba ukuthi umhlaba uzungeza ilanga, ebe hhayi okuphambene nalokho, njengoba isonto okufanele ukuba bakwenze imodeli geocentric lukaPtolemy. Ososayensi abaningi physics futhi isimangalo ukutholakala sikhulu, kodwa ukubonakala incwadi "Ngo ukujikeleza izindikimba zasezulwini" kubhekwa ekuqaleni inguquko yesayensi, kwalandelwa ukuvela physics yesimanje nje kuphela kodwa futhi yesayensi yanamuhla ngokuvamile.

Enye abadumile usosayensi okusha isikhathi uGalileo Galiley isibonakude okusungulile edume kunazo (ke naye ungowasendaweni thermometer okusungulile). Ngaphezu kwalokho, zavela umthetho inertia kanye Lesimiso sokuhlobana. Ngenxa yokuvela kwezinto uGalileo wazalwa Mechanics entsha ngokuphelele. Ngaphandle-ke, umlando ekutadisheni physics bekusayoba ekhuluphalisiweyo isikhathi eside. UGalileo, like abaningi ayephila nabo, is kabanzi wacabanga, kwadingeka ukuba ngimelane nokucindezela yebandla, umzamo wokugcina uzama ukuvikela oludala.

XVII ekhulwini

Kwaqoqwa Yiqiniso ukwanda nokuzwa ngesayensi, futhi baqhubeka ekhulwini XVII. unjiniyela German nesazi sezibalo Iogann Kepler kwaba owathola wemithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga (imithetho Kepler sika). imibono yakhe wachaza encwadini yakhe "okusha Astronomy", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1609. Kepler kuqhathaniswa uPtolemy, ephetha ngokuthi Amaplanethi ahamba e ellipses, hhayi imibuthano, njengoba lalibhekwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Lokhu usosayensi elifanayo negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni yokukhanya. Wafunda ezikude futhi abone izinto eziseduze, babone imisebenzi bokuphila lens iso. Kepler esethula umqondo ukuze eksisi optical kanye nokugxila, zavela imfundiso yokuziphendukela lens.

I engumFulentshi Rene Dekart wadala isiyalo entsha ngokwesayensi - geometry zezibalo. Wabuye wasikisela ukuthi umthetho of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya. umsebenzi ezinkulu Descartes 'kwaba incwadi "Izimiso of Philosophy", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1644.

Bambalwa zesayensi kanye ukutholakala libizwe ngokuthi eyiNgisi Isaak Nyuton. Ngo 1687 wabhala incwadi wamavukelambuso 'Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Yemvelo ". Kuleyo ncwadi umcwaningi othile wachaza umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele kanye nemithetho ezintathu Mechanics (futhi waziwa ngokuthi imithetho Newton). Lokhu usosayensi wasebenza ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela umbala, yokukhanya, ebalulekile futhi umehluko calculus. Umlando physics, umlando nemithetho Mechanics - konke lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu okutholakele Newton.

kuwumkhakha omusha

isayensi XVIII leminyaka iye ethulwa amagama abaningi abavelele. I ovelele kakhulu phakathi kwabo Leonhard Euler. Lokhu unjiniyela waseSwitzerland nesazi sezibalo, wabhala ezingaphezu kuka-800 imisebenzi ye-physics kanye nezigaba ezifana izingabunjalo, omakhenikha yasezulwini yokukhanya, umculo theory, ongumcwaningi, nokunye. D. Petersburg Academy of Sciences uye waqaphela kuye njengoba zezemfundo babo, ngoba lokho Euler kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwakhe eRussia. Kuyinto lokhu umphenyi okuqalwe Mechanics kohlaziyo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umlando physics uye wazakhela ndaba, njengoba sazi, hhayi kuphela ngenxa ososayensi professional, kodwa futhi abacwaningi, abathandi, eyaziwa kakhulu ngendlela quality ahlukene ngokuphelele. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu lokhu self-wafundisa kwaba sezombangazwe saseMelika uBenjamin Franklin. Nguye owasungula izinto induku umbani, wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekutadisheni ugesi futhi wenziwe nokucabanga mayelana uxhumano yakhe lo mkhuba uzibuthe.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII Italy Alessandro Volta wadala "inqwaba voltaic". okusungulile waso kwakuyindishi ibhethri okokuqala kagesi emlandweni wesintu. Kuleli khulu leminyaka futhi wabona ukuvela thermometer mercury umdali okwakunzima Gabriel Fahrenheit. Esinye sezici ezivelele okusungulile wazibonakalisa kokusungulwa injini umusi, owenzeka ngo-1784. It kuye kwavula indlela entsha zokukhiqiza kanye kabusha umkhakha.

ukuvulwa osetshenziswayo

Uma umlando ekuqaleni physics ithuthukiswe okusekelwe yokuthi isayensi kwakumelwe achaze imbangela zemvelo, ekhulwini XIX isimo sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Manje enendawo ubizo entsha. Kusukela physics waqala ukuba zitshele ukulawula amandla emvelo. Kule ndaba, sekuyinto esithuthuka ngokushesha hhayi kuphela umshayeli, kodwa futhi isicelo physics. "Kuthiwa uNewton ugesi" Andre-Marie Ampere wethula umqondo omusha kagesi. Endaweni efanayo ukusebenza Maykl Faradey. Wathola lo mkhuba lokungeniswa kagesi, imithetho-electrolysis, diamagnetism, futhi kwaba umbhali lafana, njengenhlangano anode, a cathode, i yisivikelo, i electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, nokunye. D.

Sikhanyisiwe amagatsha entsha isayensi. Thermodynamics, kuyaqina theory, omakhenikha kwezibalo, i-physics kwezibalo, umsakazo i-physics, kuyaqina theory, seismology, i-meteorology - bona bonke yakha isithombe olulodwa ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla.

Ekhulwini XIX kwakukhona onobuhle ezintsha zesayensi kanye imiqondo. Thomas Jung kugomela umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell ezihlongozwayo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe siqu kagesi. Usokhemisi waseRussia Dmitri Mendeleev kwaba nombhali nomthelela obalulekile wonke physics ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi. Engxenyeni kwekhulu lesibili kwakukhona kagesi kanye injini amandla omlilo. Zaba izithelo osetshenziswayo Physics, kuthambekele ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile zobuchwepheshe.

isayensi rethinking

Ngekhulu XX umlando physics, ngamafuphi, uye wathuthela kulelo banga, lapho isimo esibucayi isivele ezimisiwe classical onobuhle theory. ifomula yesayensi amadala baqala iphikisana ne idatha entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi baye bathola ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya akuxhomekile uzimele ezibonakala obungantengantengi reference. On the kwekhulunyaka wavula ezidinga enemininingwane incazelo izenzakalo: electron, imisebe, X-ray.

Ngenxa ukusalela izimfihlakalo iphutha ebukezwe ubudala physics classical. Lo mcimbi ukhiye lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso yesayensi olandelayo kwaba inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Umbhali wayo kwakungu-Albert Einstein yezwe yokuqala povedyvavshy uxhumano ezijulile space kanye nesikhathi. , Kunikezelwa igatsha elisha physics theory - quantum physics. Ukwakheka kwabo yahanjelwa ososayensi eziningana abaziwa umhlaba wonke: Maks Plank, Maks Bon, u-Erwin Schrödinger, uPawulu Ehrenfest, nabanye.

izinselele wesimanje

Engxenyeni ye XX umlando leminyaka ukuthuthukisa i-physics, ogama Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo uyaqhubeka namuhla yesibili, uye washukumisa esigabeni esisha. Le nkathi imakwe sokuthuthwa kwempahla ukuhlola umkhathi. Wenza engakaze ibonwe eqa isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Kwakukhona esikhaleni izibonakude, iphenya interplanetary ka ezisemkhathini imitshina ngemisebe. Saqala isifundo eningiliziwe idatha zabo ezingokomzimba kwemitimba yabohulumende amaplanethi welanga. Ngosizo lwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla, manje ososayensi bathola exoplanets futhi izinkanyiso entsha, kuhlanganise umsakazo imithala, quasars futhi pulsars.

Isikhala uyaqhubeka abe nethala nezimfumbe eziningi ezingaxazululeki. Tadisha amagagasi okudonsa, amandla amnyama, esimnyama, kuyashesha ukwanda komkhathi futhi oyiyo. Eyayihambisana imfundiso yokuziphendukela Big Bang. Idatha ukuthi ingatholakala ngaphansi kwezimo eliwumhlaba, uhlasela mincane uma iqhathaniswa nobungako bomsebenzi yososayensi endaweni yonke.

netincabhayi lesibukene nato zesayensi namuhla zihlanganisa izinselele eziningana ezibalulekile: ukuthuthukiswa inguqulo quantum ye umbono okudonsa, nje okungaqondile of quantum Mechanics, ngokuhlanganisa ku umbono owodwa wabo bonke amabutho eyaziwayo nokuxhumana, ukufuna "ukuhleleka okuhle yonke", kanye incazelo eqondile lo mkhuba eneji emnyama ne-amnyama ndaba.