Ubani wathola imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi?

"Imithetho Kepler sika" - la mazwi ijwayelekile kunoma ubani ezifundweni zezinkanyezi. Ingubani le ndoda? Uxhumano futhi nawubuka ngokoqobo umgomo ayeluchaze? Isazi sezinkanyezi, isazi sezibalo, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, isazi sefilosofi, indoda ngokuhlakanipha isikhathi sayo Iogann Kepler (1571-1630) wathola imithetho ezinyakazayo amaplanethi yesimiso sonozungezilanga.

ekuqaleni komgwaqo

Iogann Kepler, ongowokuzalwa Weil der Stadt (eJalimane), weza ezweni ngo-December 1571. Okubuthakathaka, nge abampofu ukungaboni ingane wakunqoba konke ukuwina kule impilo. Tadisha umfana waqala e Leonberg, lapho lo mkhaya uthuthela. Kamuva wathuthela sikhungo eziphambili - isikole Latin bafunde izisekelo ulimi, okuyinto okuhloswe ukuba sisetshenziswe ezincwadini esizayo.

Ngo 1589 wathola iziqu esikoleni ngesikhathi Maulbronn sezindela edolobheni Adelburg. Ngo 1591 wangena University of Tübingen. Uhlelo oluyimpumelelo zemfundo sidalwe ngemva ukwethulwa Dukes of yamaLuthela. Ngosizo izibonelelo kanye inikezwe imifundaze ukuze ithole uhulumeni abampofu wazama ukunikeza encintisana inyuvesi, zazo kwakunokwenzeka ukukhulisa abefundisi ezifundile, uyakwazi ukulwela ukholo olusha ngezikhathi Ukufutheka impikiswano zenkolo.

Phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe khona esikolweni Kepler wathonywa Uprofesa astronomy Michael Mostlina. Kugcine wabelane ukubukwa imibono uCopernicus mayelana heliocentric (Sun maphakathi) wendawo yonke, ngasese noma abafundi abaqeqeshiwe "uPtolemy" (Umhlaba maphakathi). Ukuyazi kahle imibono usosayensi Polish wavusa isithakazelo esikhulu kuyisayensi yezinkanyezi Kepler sika. Ngakho le nkolelo-mbono Copernican unesinye umsekeli walokhu, owayefuna mathupha ukuqonda imithetho motion amaplanethi azungeza ilanga.

Solar System - omuhle wobuciko

Okuxakayo nje nalowo kamuva wathola imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi, abazibheki ukuba izazi zezinkanyezi ngo ubizo. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, Kepler babekholelwa ukuthi isimiso sonozungezilanga - omuhle wobuciko, aminyene izenzakalo ezingaqondakali, ngiphuphe sokuba umfundisi. Wathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe sezinkanyezi Copernican isichaza ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba efinyelela iziphetho kusuka ucwaningo yayo siqu, kufanele ufunde imibono ehlukene.

Noma kunjalo, othisha nyuvesi uthe mayelana Kepler, njengoba umfundi, ine umqondo kakhulu. Ngo 1591, iziqu zeMasters, usosayensi nezifundo zakhe emfundisweni yenkolo. Lapho sebephindele eduze ekupheleni, yabe seyaziwa ukuthi isikole Lutheran e Graz wafa uprofesa wezibalo. University of Tübingen Kunconywa ukuthatha isikhundla abafundi abanamakhono kuzo zonke izici. Ngakho, imithetho evalelisa achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi?

Ngaphakathi the gama of Nkulunkulu

Johann oneminyaka engu-22 ubudala ngokungathandi ishiywe ubizo lwakhe lwasekuqaleni abe ngumpristi, kodwa namanje waqhubekela nemisebenzi uthisha wezibalo e Graz. Ngesikhathi inkulumo ekilasini imfundamakhwela uthisha echaza ebhodini ezinye zeJiyomethri ngemibuthano eyindilinga futhi onxantathu. Bese ovuthayo wacabanga ukuthi lezi zibalo ukumela isilinganiso esithile esinqunyiwe phakathi osayizi imibuthano emibili, amalunga unxantathu kuyinto equilateral. Futhi iyini ratio usayizi square phakathi imiphakathi emibili? Isikhundla senqubo yokucabanga evamile buthola umfutho.

Ngemva konyaka, i semfundiso yenkolo engavamile enyathelisa incwadi yakhe yokuqala, "Imfihlo Yonke Endaweni Yonke" (1596). Kuyo, wachaza umbono wakhe ngale izimfihlo okudala yonke, elisekelwa nezinkolelo zakhe.

Omunye owathola imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi, eyenziwe the gama of Nkulunkulu. Ukudalula umqondo nezibalo yonke, umcwaningi wafinyelela esiphethweni: amaplanethi ayisithupha okuvalelwe ezindaweni ezifanele phakathi polyhedra njalo emihlanu. Yiqiniso, inguqulo esekelwe "Empeleni" ukuthi kukhona kuphela 6 kwezindikimba zasezulwini. Kepler emzileni sizungeze Umhlaba evezwe dodecahedron ekahle futhi ububanzi eziphathelene emzileni Mars.

polyhedra ephelele

Endaweni usosayensi Mars ukuboniswa Tetrahedron kanye sphere, ohlanganisa orbit Jupiter. I icosahedron emkhakheni we esemkhathini ephelele "bamba" ezingeni lombuso yomhlaba ka Venus. With ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo asele ka polyhedra esiphelele okufanayo osekwenziwe nalo lonke. Ngokumangalisayo, ratio uzungeza kwamaplanethi angomakhelwane enikeziwe ezindaweni lokushutheka imodeli Kepler sika kwaqondana izibalo uCopernicus.

Ukuvula imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi, nangengqondo zezibalo, umpristi wathembela ngokuyinhloko bokuphefumlelwa kwaphezulu. Wayengenaso nesisekelo sangempela agumenti. Inani indatshana "Izimfihlo Yonke Endaweni Yonke" wukuthi kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala juqu maqondana ukuqashelwa we heliocentric uhlelo zomhlaba, kubekwe uCopernicus.

Imibono ngokumelene ngokunemba high

Ngo-September 1598 amaProthestani e Graz, kuhlanganise Kepler, baxoshwa e-komuzi Ababusi bamaKatolika. Nakuba Johann avunyelwa ukuba abuyele, isimo sasilokhu simanzonzo kakhulu. Ekuzameni ukwesekwa, waphendukela Tiho Brage - sezibalo nesezinkanyezi at esigodlweni soMbusi Rudolf II. Usosayensi yayaziwa iqoqo yayo enhle kokuma kwamaplanethi.

Wayazi ngomsebenzi wakhe "Imfihlo i-Universe lena." Kodwa lapho, ngo-1600, kumdlali wafika Observatory azithulele engaphandle wedolobha lasePrague, Brahe, wahlanganyela ephezulu ukucacisa (ngesikhathi) izifundo, wazitshela wambingelela njengoba umlobi we umsebenzi othile, kodwa hhayi njengoba uzakwabo. I udweshu phakathi kwabo waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngemva kokufa ngezinkanyezi-Danish, okwenzeka ngemva konyaka. Ngemva kokushiya abaphikisi phakathi kwelinye izwe Kepler abaphathiswe ukuba aqaphe yengcebo imibono yakhe. Basiza umcwaningi ukuba lowo wathola imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi uzungeza ilanga.

Indlela Mars

Kwakamuva izifundo Braga ukudala amatafula achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi kwakungenziwanga igcwaliswe. Zonke amathemba iphinwe esikhundleni. Wamiswa sezibalo yasebukhosini. Naphezu ubuhlobo obungebuhle ne uzakwabo oshonile, Kepler wayekhululekile ukuphishekela izinto abafuna ukuziphishekela kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi. Wanquma ukuqhubeka kokuma yakhe ye-Mars futhi uchaze umbono wabo siqu komzila wokuzungeza le mbulunga.

Johann akazange akungabaze ukuthi ngokuvula ngendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi Mars kungembula indlela motion zonke ezinye "imihambima wendawo yonke." Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, akukona nje esetshenziswa kokuma Brahe sika, ukukhetha isimo Jomethri esifanelana incazelo. Izolo semfundiso yenkolo ukugxila imizamo ekutholakaleni inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ezingokomzimba ukunyakaza "nodade ababehlala a cleaner," kusukela esingaziletha zazo zingaphazami. Ngemva umsebenzi ucwaningo titanic Imithetho ezintathu achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi.

Umthetho wokuqala

I. ezungeza kwamaplanethi kukhona ellipses nelanga kwelinye foci.

Umthetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga wathola ukuthi Amaplanethi ahamba e ellipses. Wabonakala ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili izibalo besebenzisa olusohlelweni lwekhompuyutha sekwenziwe ngu Tiho Brage ngesisekelo kokuma achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi Mars Stars. Umsebenzi wakhe Johann wabiza "Astronomy okusha".

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana nomthetho lokuqala Kepler, iyiphi lesiyingi inamaphuzu amabili yejeyomethri ngokuthi foci (focus sisebunyeni). Ibanga Imininingwane kusukela iplanethi ngalinye Emazikweni izitaki ihlale ifana, kungakhathaliseki lapho planethi endleleni ukunyakaza kwabo. Ukubaluleka ukutholakala ukuthi kucatshangwa ukuthi uzungeza akuzona imibuthano ephelele (njengoba imfundiso geocentric) ukuletha abantu aliqonde ngokunembe kakhudlwana futhi okucacile isithombe emhlabeni.

Eyesibili umthetho

II. I umugqa ohlanganisa mbulunga Sun (isikhundla vector) endaweni alinganayo Onqobayo njalo ngezikhathi ezithile, lapho lapho iplanethi ihamba phakathi lesiyingi.

Okungukuthi, aphila kunoma iyiphi inkathi yesikhathi, isibonelo, ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-30, le planethi kuyalinqoba endaweni efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhathi obakhethayo. Uhamba ngokushesha kakhudlwana lapho ilanga kancane uma ukhipha, kodwa iza ijubane oshintshashintsha lapho ehambahamba orbit. Kakhulu "emincanyana" ukunyakaza obaphawuleka perihelion (iphuzu eziseduze Sun) kanye "namandla-mthetho" iningi ndweni' aphelion (ibanga ukusuka elangeni iphuzu). wabonisana Ngakho lowo wathola imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi.

Umthetho wesithathu

III. Isikwele kwesikhathi Imininingwane ayenawo esemkhathini (T) kuyinto wakhona iqhuzu ibanga isilinganiso kusukela le mbulunga Sun (R).

Lomgomo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho bokuthula. Uqhathanisa lesi sikhathi esemkhathini futhi lo engaba ezungeza kwamaplanethi. ukutholakala Kepler sika okushiwo itholakala okulandelayo: isilinganiso izikwele kanye cubes ukunyakaza nezikhathi ibanga isilinganiso kusukela ilanga nganoma iyiphi iplanethi okufanayo.

Nalapha futhi, imithetho motion of Kepler amaplanethi zazisekelwe kokuma olubanzi sina futhi izibalo kusetshenzwe. amaphethini Ukubonisa, kungukuthi ibanjiwe conditioning izenzakalo. Kamuva, owathola odumile umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele , Newton wafakazela ukuthi otgadka ayelele Izakhiwo zemizimba ukuheha nomunye.

Emthunzini ezimbi kwesingenhla somzimba wami lapha

Naphezu kwempumelelo, Kepler njalo wahlushwa izinkinga zezimali, yokuntuleka isikhathi sokutadisha amade beyofuna izindawo ukubekezelela izinkolelo zalo zenkolo. Izikhathi eziningana wazama ukuthola isikhundla nokufundisa Tubingen, kodwa kwabonakala ukuthi ukubhema imbuka owayengumProthestani, futhi sinqatshiwe.

Iogann Kepler washona ngo-November 15, 1630 kusukela ngokuhlasela imfiva oyingozi. Wembelwa emathuneni amaProthestani. I Epitaph lendodana yakhe esisemthethweni wabhala: "Ngangivame ukukala emazulwini. Manje mina kufanele ulinganise isithunzi eMhlabeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umphefumulo wami ngaphakathi the bhakabhaka, emthunzini umzimba wami amanga lapha. "

Yebo, okokuqala umoya imiqondo ephakathi, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi Amaplanethi ahamba ngesikhathi ngoba umphefumulo, magic ophilayo, hhayi nje izigaxa ndaba. Kamuva uDavide waqonda ukuthi izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda buyafaneleka ngaphezulu. Nokho, umpristi sezinkanyezi, wathola imithetho achaza ukuhamba kwamaplanethi, ukuqonda ngokwethembeka ubephumile. Kodwa vuma ukuthi, ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi ngokusebenzisa yonke kwesayensi mystics eziningi kangaka!