Utopia - umfuziselo isimo ekahle

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili yencwajana Umsuka wegama elithi utopia. Le ndawo, ngokuvumelana wokuqala babo, okuyinto akanayo (u - akukho, topos -. Endaweni, Gr). Owesibili - ezweni ebusisekile (eu - okuhle, topos - indawo). Leli gama kwaze wokuqala esetshenziswa Thomas Moore ku isihloko sencwadi. Kamuva waba undabuzekwayo, elisho izwe ahlukahlukene yokudlala nge ephelele ukuhleleka emphakathini futhi izinhlelo engenangqondo, eziqukethwe imibhalo futhi azibhala ku kugucuka ezehlukene emphakathini.

Utopia - siyintando izithakazelo amaqembu athile nomphakathi ukuthi akuzona ngokuvamile ophethe. It wenza imisebenzi ebalulekile engqondweni yethu, ezemfundo kanye ngemibono. Ngokuvamile yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula ifomu yokukhuluma nemibono wamavukelambuso.

Njengoba utopia - kuba yasekuqaleni thile kwezenhlalo, okuhloswe ngaso kuvisisa ekahle kwezenhlalo, uzama silangazelele ikusasa, ukugxekwa uhlelo olukhona. Esikhathini Renaissance, ke wavezwa incazelo esimweni esiphelele ukuthi uma endaweni ethile wake uye ngaphambili. ukusakazeka kwalo, wanikezwa yasendulo futhi medieval China (imibhalo ka Lao Tzu, neMo tzu), kanye nezizwe zala eMpumalanga Ephakathi (Avempace, Al-Farabi).

Ekhulwini le-17 nele-18 kube yahlakazeka azibhala nakancane, kanye namaphrojekthi yezinguquko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Kodwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19, izwe elinokuthula kuba uhlobo oluthile ezincwadi udaba ekuphila nekutiphatsa nemibono nomphakathi. Baningi imisebenzi nakancane kwekhulu lama-20 salotshwa HG Wells.

Ngomqondo ebanzi, utopia - amanye uhlelo oluthile jikelele, okuyinto, ngokubona abasekeli bayo, kuzosiza ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso ekhona emphakathini. It libhekene: anti-historicism, ukuthambekela icala, sokuzihlukanisa ngokoqobo, ihaba indima imfundo kanye nomthetho, ithemba ukuze asekele labo abanegunya.

Ngokungafani lapho dystopia, okubizela le Ukuyekwa kwezindlela yokubuyisana yezenhlalakahle ekahle futhi ne izinhlelo ekhona State, ukuze ugweme okubi kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Dystopia uvame ukuzibonisa okubonisa izimiso zomphakathi labamelene (ngokuvamile ngefomu caricature).

Komphakathi utopia uPlato - omunye imiqondo lokuqala lolu hlobo. Ngokusho bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, isimo kuyinto ngamabomu ukuqiniswa, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ubulungisa nobuhle. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, abantu kudingeka imisebenzi kahle ichazwe elihambisana izakhiwo ngokubeka imiphefumulo yawo futhi amakhono angokwemvelo.

Umphefumulo siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu - a ngokomzwelo, nginenhliziyo ezihlakaniphile. Kuye predominance izingxenye ezithile ukusatshalaliswa imisebenzi yomphakathi. Volitional ingxenye umphefumulo owandile amasosha ayephethwe ukuvikela labantu kusukela isitha. Uyacabangela ingxenye - nezefilosofi ukubhekana uhulumeni. Affective - abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti onesandla ekukhiqizeni ezimbonini kanye nokunikeza isimo imikhiqizo ezidingekayo.

utopia Komphakathi, ngokuvumelana uPlato kusekelwe yokuthi ngenxa ukuhlanganiswa ekilasini izimfanelo ngamunye (amasosha - isibindi, ababusi - ngokuhlakanipha, ababazi kanye abalimi - ukulinganisela) futhi ngenxa sabaphathi ekhona eligxilile isimo waqaphela aphakeme ubuhle - ubulungisa, okuholela babe nobunye. Ngakho, izithakazelo ngabanye benziwa imihlatshelo ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu.

Okwamanje, umqondo utopia ithwala eziningana ezicini ezinhle. Ikakhulukazi, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqagela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani esikhathini esizayo, futhi ukugwema eziningi imiphumela engemihle nomphakathi imisebenzi womuntu. Hhayi walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo futhi kuhle emisebenzini eminingi etemibhalo.