Radioactivity - isibusiso esiyingozi

Vele eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule ayebhekwa athomu kulencane izinhlayiya zemvelo, ezingaguquki indivisible. Kodwa umcabango ngokwesayensi akazange ame namanje, kanti nengqondo yomuntu ukubuyisa wafuna okwengeziwe ukuthi siphakamise umgubuzelo ekusithekeni phezu izakhiwo izici. Futhi manje, ekupheleni the XIX leminyaka physics French Becquerel, ucwaningo kwama-X ray, ngephutha balithanda emisebeni wukukhanya uranium nosawoti. Ngakho ngo-1896 kwaba kokutholakala radioactivity - lobu ubufakazi sobala kakhulu divisibility ye-athomu.

Umphakathi yesayensi iye abanesifiso kakhulu kuvulwa, futhi isixuku esikhulu sezinjula zesayensi abanamakhono ezinikele nokulifunda. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ngokuvamile ngokuletha phezu kwelathi isayensi yezempilo yawo. Siyabonga kubo, manje sesiyazi ukuthi le radioactivity - into nokuguqulwa ekushayweni nokuguqulwa izinhlayiya ezahlukene by nuclei ezinye izakhi, lapho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nengaphakathi ukuthuthela isimo ezahlukene, kanye nemingcele zabo washintsha.

Atoms of izinto radioactive ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana izinhlayiya kanye emisebeni kagesi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

--alpha izinhlayiya (α) kuthiwa ukugeleza ionized ngokuphelele ngama-athomu-helium, ezihambayo ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti ayizinkulungwane 20 km / s, nokuba nekhono ukungena emoyeni at ibanga 10 cm Bamba lalezi zinhlobo kusukela engena phakathi umzimba womuntu ungakwazi izingubo, iphepha, lesikhumba .. . Kodwa engena phakathi umzimba, babangela umonakalo abalulekile;

- beta izinhlayiya (β) - kuyinto electron okusheshayo (noma positrons), okuyinto has a Isivinini ukugeleza eduze Isivinini yokukhanya. Ukungena wabo umthamo emoyeni iphezulu kakhulu - kufike ku 5 - 20 m A uyobagcina ishidi aluminium amamilimitha angu eziningana obukhulu .;

- gamma ray (γ) - okuvela phakathi nesikhathi ekusebenzisaneni enuzi kanye kugucuka izinhlayiya emisebeni kagesi nge wavelength kufushane kakhulu. Ikhono afinyelela ekujuleni lokhu uhlobo emisebeni uphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi kungaba kuphela ubambe obukhulu phambili ishidi noma ungqimba ngokhonkolo.

Ngo eziningi ukusabela zenuzi nokuguqulwa ikhishwa wukukhanya izinhlayiya hlangothi - neutrons eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini asesikhundleni ngenhla noma yini γ-ray - bona idlule phambili-kuze kube ngamamitha ambalwa obukhulu.

isakhiwo ukuthi kungaba esivela ubunjalo izakhi futhi ingatholakala izindlela laboratory - It is ukuthi radioactivity ezaziwayo. radioactivity Artificial kwatholakala kakade-yalolucwaningo 30 XX leminyaka.

Imithombo Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo miningi. Kuyinto ngokwayo Umhlaba iplanethi, futhi isikhala, futhi enuzi izitshalo amandla imfucuza yabo, futhi izakhi zamakhemikhali nenhlabathi nezinto zokwakha, kanye nenombolo ye zasendlini. Kodwa laba bantu bayazama ukungacabangi.

Kukhona amacebo amaningi alinganisa radioactivity amayunithi futhi ehlukile. Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi iyunithi - the becquerel (BQ) lingana kuze fike nokwahlukana ngomzuzwana. Amayunithi Common asetshenziselwa: X-ray, Curie. umthamo ugxile kukalwa amayunithi rad noma mpunga. Imiphumela eziphilayo begazi esikalini rem noma sievert.

Yemvelo enemisebe izinto ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana izinhlayiya bombarding nathi kukho konke ukuphila. Omunye wemithombo ukuchayeka njalo enze izakhiwo yokufakelwa - zokuhlala kanye commercial. Ngisho eziningi ngezinto zemvelo uye kancane aphakeme emisebeni yangemuva. Ngokwesibonelo, i-radioactivity yemvelo egwadle kwenza kube isakhiwo ngokuphindwe kabili kunokwanda enemisebe (400 mrem / year) kunalawo zakhiwe obomvu isitini, kane - ukhonkolo. Kulazo zonke izinhlayiya icala ihlaba umkhosi isihlahla - isakhiwo kuba izikhathi 13 ngaphansi enemisebe kuka egwadle.

Izinzuzo esintwini radioactivity - Iqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Isayensi, imithi, ezolimo, ezamandla, futhi izimboni eziningi okulukhuni ukuzenza ngaphandle isotopes enemisebe. Kodwa lapho i-athomu obunokuthula iba engalawuliwe noma ephenduka ibe isikhali, he is a usongo khona kule planethi yethu.