Physics Soviet Igor Kurchatov: Biography, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo, izithombe

Kurchatov Igor vasilevich wasezala eSoviet amandla enuzi umkhakha. Wadlala indima ebalulekile ekudalweni kanye nokuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi okunokuthula futhi ekupheleni 1940 kwaholela ukuthuthukiswa kweSoviet ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu.

Isihloko uchaza kafushane indlela yokuphila eyayiphakeme ngokuphawulekayo physics Soviet Igor Kurchatov. Biography izingane kuyoba ikakhulukazi ezithakazelisayo.

physics abasha

Januwari 12, 1903 edolobhaneni Simsk Plant (SIM manje) esifundeni esise-Ural wazalwa Igor Kurchatov. ubuzwe lakhe - Russian. Uyise, Vasily (1869-1941), ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene wamabhuku wehlathi umsizi nezwe Umdabuli. Umama, uMariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), eyindodakazi umpristi wendawo. Igor kwaba yesibili kwezine ezintathu: udadewabo Antonina wabentwana, nomfowabo Boris - junior.

Ngo-1909, ngemva umkhaya wathuthela Simbirsk Simbirsk waqala ukutadisha ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, lapho Igor esikoleni sabaqalayo. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, ngemva kokuthuthela eCrimea ngenxa isimo sempilo lodade, Kurchatov wayiswa Simferopol sokuzivocavoca. Ekuqaleni, lo mfana siqhuba kahle cishe kuzo zonke eyala, kodwa ngemva ingane Ngafunda incwadi ye-physics kanye yobunjiniyela wakhetha umsebenzi wokuphila kwakhe. Ngo-1920, ngenkathi sisebenza emini nokutadisha ebusuku esikoleni, Igor iziqu Simferopol sokuzivocavoca nge wendondo yegolide. Ngawo lowo nyaka engena Tauride University.

nenkululeko isenzo

Igor Kurchatov (isithombe sikhombisa kamuva esihlokweni) ungomunye the best in the umnyango physics kanye mathematics. Intuthuko isifundo, kwathi omunye umfundi abamphathisa eyunivesithi physics lab futhi banikezwe ukubuswa ukuqhuba ucwaningo. Kusukela lokhu kucwaninga ekuseni Kurchatov akufunda ukubaluleka kokuthobeka nokuqonda injongo ubufakazi enokwehla ukusekela umbono yesayensi, kuwusizo kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu izifundo akhe aqhubekayo. Ngo-1923, Igor iziqu enyuvesi ngezinga physics, wedlula Yiqiniso oneminyaka emine eminyakeni emithathu.

Ukuhambisa e Petrograd

Fika ngokushesha e Petrograd, wangena Polytechnic Institute ube wezakhiwo asolwandle. Njengoba e Simferopol, Kurchatov ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka zisebenzele yini ukuzondla wona kanye ufunde. Ungeniswe Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory e Pavlovsk, owamsiza ukuthi baziphilise wenze yini ayithandayo. Njengoba umsebenzi we Observatory waqala ukuthatha isikhathi esiningi, Kurchatov ngemuva ezifundweni zabo futhi semester yesibili ngaphonsa Institute. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, wanquma ukugxila physics.

Ngemva komsebenzi, umcwaningi kuyo le Baku Polytechnic Institute e 1924-1925 GG. Igor Kurchatov kwachazwa ku Physical-Technical Institute eLeningrad, emi iyahola ekutadisheni physics kanye nobuchwepheshe langaleso sikhathi e-USSR. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naye ngo-1927 washada noMarina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova futhi wasebenza njengendlela womfundisi eMnyangweni physics mechanical Leningrad Polytechnic futhi at the Pedagogical Institute. Lapha afike achitha khona iminyaka yakhe engcono wenze ezinye ezitholwe zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Igor Kurchatov: Biography emfushane usosayensi

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920 - 1930 Kurchatov balithanda iqiniso lokuthi ke wabizwa ngokuthi ferroelektrichestva - Ukutadisha izakhiwo kanye nezici izinto ezihlukahlukene ngaphansi isenzo kagesi. Lezizifundo kwaholela ekwakhekeni of Semiconductors wadonsela ukunaka kukaJobe wesayensi yenuzi. Ngemva ukuhlola kokuqala beryllium ngemisebe, imihlangano kanye ukuxhumana ne iphayona kwale sayensi kanye Frederikom Zholio ngo-1933 Kurchatov waqala umsebenzi ezinezithelo ukunqanda amandla ye-athomu. Bekanye namanye abacwaningi, kuhlanganise Boris umzalwane, wenza intuthuko kulolu cwaningo nuclei isomeric, enemisebe uxhumano lokudlulisa isotopes ukuthi ifa isisindo esifanayo kanye nokusungulwa kodwa izindlela ezihlukene ngokomzimba. Lo msebenzi kwaholela ukuba bathuthuke ukuqonda isakhiwo athomu umphakathi waseSoviet ngokwesayensi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo (1934-1935). Kurchatov kanye ososayensi we-Institute of Radium (Inhlangano ezesayensi kanye zemfundo elisungulwe eU.SSR njengenhlangano belingisa izikhungo efanayo iphayona esekelwe encwadini eyinsiza-kufundisa emisebeni Mariey Kyuri eFrance Poland) wenza ucwaningo neutron, hlangothi kuyizinhlayiyana subatomic mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo kancane zase zaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Neutrons nge amandla ephakeme esetshenziselwa bombardment enemisebe nucleus yama-athomu, ezifana-uranium, ukuqhekeza athomu, futhi ngesikhathi sokukhululeka imeyli engahlonziwe, ukukhulula esiningi namandla.

isikhali Wonder

Ngo-1930, abacwaningi ezifana Joliot, u-Enrico Fermi Robert Oppenheimer nabanye sebeqonda ukuthi i-imeyli engahlonziwe ne ukwelashwa okufanelekile ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ibhomu okwakungakaze amandla alufakwa. Kurchatov njengoba omunye ehamba phambili embonini Soviet zenuzi ayebhekwa de empeleni waba umholi we ucwaningo kanye nokucwaninga kule ndawo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ukuntuleka kwezinsiza kanye nomkhathi zokucindezela kwezombusazwe umbuso uStalin langaleso sikhathi, iSoviet Union abasasilele emuva lonke izwe emncintiswaneni ukuze zilawule le-athomu.

umngane baqaphe

Izindaba mayelana kuvulwa ngo-1938 we ubungako bokudlulisa bamakhemikhali German Otto Ganom futhi Fritz Strassmann ngokushesha lasakazekela umphakathi wezizwe zesayensi. Ezindabeni eSoviet Union kwawakhathaza nokukhathalela mayelana izicelo kungenzeka lokhu ukutholakala.

Ngo-1930 sekwephuzile, physics Soviet Igor Kurchatov, isithombe ibekwa sihloko, iqembu labacwaningi eLeningrad esenze intuthuko ekusabeleni enuzi isotopes enemisebe ka cindezela kanye nokwe-uranium. Ngo-1940, ababili nozakwabo ukuqoqwa of uranium IKhompyuthaYami wathola ngephutha futhi ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, babhala isihloko esihle iDemo ngakho kumagazini yaseMelika "Physical Buyekeza", okuyinto ngesikhathi ehola emaphephabhukwini esayensi ukushicilela izihloko mayelana intuthuko ocwaningweni zenuzi.

Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa ukulinda, Igor Kurchatov okuqalwe impendulo ukucinga izincwadi nomagazini bamuva ukufunda izindaba ucwaningo kwi ukuqoqwa ka-nucleus. Ngenxa yalokho, wathola ukuthi namajenali zezemfundo American ayisekho ukushicilela idatha efana kusukela maphakathi 1940 Kurchatov kubika ubuholi laseSoviet-United States eziphendula songo olwandayo kweMpi Yezwe II nge eksisi eJalimane-Italy-Japan, cishe enza umzamo ukwakha ibhomu le-athomu. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ukwanda ucwaningo eSoviet Union. Leningrad laboratory Kurchatov elaba isikhungo le mizamo.

Demagnetization we Black Sea Fleet

Wokukhuthazwa amabutho aseJalimane angena endaweni ye-USSR ngo-July 1941 inciphise inani izinsiza ezikhona kuyo yonke imikhakha eSoviet Union, kuhlanganise emphakathini ngokwesayensi. Abaningi abacwaningi kanye zesayensi Kurchatov kwamiswa ukubhekana imisebenzi okhona manje wezempi, futhi wangena ukuqeqesha amatilosi e Sevastopol demagnetize imikhumbi ukubhekana ezimayini kazibuthe.

Ngo-1942 iSoviet imizamo intelligence e-United States waqinisekiswa iqiniso lokuthi "Manhattan Project" uyathuthuka ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngesicelo ososayensi nabezombusazwe Igor Kurchatov wabizelwa kusukela Sevastopol futhi waqokwa umklami induna Centre sokuthuthukiswa imeyli engahlonziwe elawulwa. Lesi sikhungo kamuva okwakuzoba yisikhungo inhliziyo kweSoviet Isikhungo Atomic Energy.

kwatheleka Rosenberg

Isikhungo uyakhile iqembu Kurchatov cyclotron nezinye izinto ezidingekayo ukuze ukuphathwa enuzi. Ngemva ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-United States ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, le amabhomu e-athomu eSoviet Union yini nakakhulu ukuqinisa emizamweni ukuvimbela US usongo lwenuzi. Disemba 27, 1946 Kurchatov nethimba lakhe lakha i-ophendulayo lokuqala zenuzi eYurophu. Kungenzeka ukuthola i IKhompyuthaYami ka plutonium okudingekayo ukwenza izikhali zenuzi. Septhemba 29, 1949, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo ngebhomu le-athomu, iSoviet Union iye ngokusemthethweni lingene enkathini yenuzi. Ngo-November 1952, kwenziwa ukuqhuma American hydrogen ibhomu, okuyinto kaningi qinile Agasti 12, 1953 kwaphawulwa impumelelo enjalo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Ngemva kokudala zenuzi Kurchatov wahola ukunyakaza emphakathini waseSoviet ngokwesayensi phezu ukusetshenziswa obunokuthula ye-athomu. Wasiza nokwakha izitshalo amandla enuzi. Ngo-1951 Kurchatov ihlelwe omunye izingqungquthela wokuqala emandleni enuzi eSoviet Union futhi kamuva waba yingxenye yeqembu, okuyinto Juni 27, 1954 umkhankaso esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi lokuqala eSoviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor vasilevich: Managing

physics Nuclear lwalwaziswa kakhulu sibalo kumibuthano Isinqumo uhulumeni wamaSoviet. Ngaphezu ubulungu Ephakeme KaHulumeni ye-Academy of Sciences zase-USSR, kwaba kathathu Hero of Socialist Labour, ukuthi uyisekela woMkhandlu Ephakeme futhi sezombusazwe ihlonishwe. ithalente lakhe njengoba umholi cishe kuyafana ithalente ngokwesayensi futhi wamvumela ukuba ngempumelelo ukuhola izinhlangano ngokuya esikhulu.

Kurchatov wayehlonishwa kakhulu otsenon ozakwabo iningi lososayensi ngamazwe. Frederic Joliot-Curie, uMklomelo KaNobel ngomsebenzi ezinezithelo kule ndawo isikhathi eside wagcina ukuxhumana naye. Ekupheleni kwawo-1950 Kurchatov nengxenye izingqungquthela zezizwe ngezizwe amandla enuzi kanye, kanye nabanye ososayensi wahlongoza ukuba kuvinjelwe emhlabeni wonke izikhali zenuzi. Waphinde wakhuthaza kuvinjelwe ukuhlolwa ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ngo-1963, iSoviet Union ne-United States ngemvume isivumelwano ekuvimbeleni kuvivinywa izikhali zenuzi emkhathini, emkhathini nangaphansi kwamanzi.

ukusetshenziswa Civil lemandla enuzi, lubonisa ithuthukiswe ngaphansi kobuholi Kurchatov, kuhlanganisa amandla (eyokuqala wethulwa 1954), i-ophihliza iqhwa yenuzi-powered "Lenin". Futhi ocwaningweni iqondiswe usosayensi Fusion, uhlanganyela izindlela ekuthuthukiseni uqukethe plasma e lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu okudingekayo ukuze abuye achube inqubo yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama e a ophendulayo Fusion.

Imikhuba kunokuba theory

Ngemva unhlangothi ezimbili ngo-1956 futhi ngo-1957. Kurchatov umhlalaphansi asebenzayo, ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa nekwenta bahlanganyele wesayensi yenuzi, kanye kudvweba nekwakhiwa eziningi zaseSoviet enuzi izitshalo amandla. Februwari 7, 1960 eMoscow, kusolakala ukuthi wabulawa isifo senhliziyo, Igor Kurchatov.

Biography usosayensi wawunganikezwanga iphrojekthi, asivulela konke ukuphila kwakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe ezincwadini okumqoka, kuphela yesibili futhi ngokuvamile abasasilele emuva imisebenzi amaphayona womkhakha wesayensi yenuzi asekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Kuphela isicelo theory practice, wembula ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yayo.

bathinteka

physics Soviet Igor Kurchatov wayehlala futhi esebenza e emkhathini abacindezelayo nokuhlupheka likhinyabeze ka kwezobuchwepheshe Iosifa Stalina umbuso. Wakwazi ukubutha iqembu lososayensi esele ku izimo Kunzima futhi kuyakhandla futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushukumisa lezi ochwepheshe ukwakha anekghono, umphakathi elikhiqizayo. Wakwazi ukuhlala azibeke ezinhle futhi ukuphetha ngesikhathi ekuqothulweni uStalin lobuholi eziningana yesayensi nezombusazwe zezwe kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo wabeka phambili izimfuno zabo.

uthisha Sakharov sika

Kurchatov kwaba yibo bonke ukulandisa ososayensi ozinikele ababekholwa yokuthi indawo engcono kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa mbono esingokwenyama elabhorethri. Ngenxa yalesi usosayensi esisebenzayo-nomqondo ephefumulelwe sonke isizukulwane zesayensi Soviet izimiso zayo kanye imiqondo ukuba adabule Ukuphekwa Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist of kunqubo. WayeyiZwi uthisha yososayensi abaningi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nesazi se-physics enuzi Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov wasiza izwe lakhe ukungena kwenkathi kwezobuchwepheshe nengxenye yokugcina yekhulu lamashumi amabili, kwakhiwa umugqa kabili amandla e-athomu eSoviet Union. Uma ugxile kuphela ekudaleni izikhali, esinokuthula ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi (yenuzi amandla) Cishe kwakuyothatha zibuya ngokushesha.