Izitoke kawoyela emhlabeni

I sikawoyela emhlabeni kungenziwa kulinganiselwa ngesisekelo izinkomba ezahlukene. Nokho, kuze kube manje, basuke kunqunywa inani impahla dredged, okuvumela ukuthola okwamanje ezingeni lamanje yokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe.

Russia has a ngezigaba phezu amasheya amaminerali ezifana uwoyela, igesi, condensate, futhi ziqukethe izingxenye ukuthi zinenzuzo kwezohwebo. Yasungulwa ngenani oda 126 07/02/2001 Ministry of Natural Resources, wangena force on 01/01/2012 ngezigaba entsha evunyiwe 2005 ngenani oda 298.

Uwoyela ongahluziwe libhekwa njengoba kulandela:

1. isitokwe

• okuthembekile;
• ezimisiweyo;
• Kulinganiselwa;
• okucatshangelwayo.

2. Izinsiza

• yenziwe yaba yasendaweni;
• ngombono;
• phambili.

Izitoke kawoyela emhlabeni ezidinga SPE-PRMS amazinga ngezigaba international. Lona khetho ezivamile, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba acabangele hhayi kuphela ematfuba abayitholayo emasimini, kodwa futhi ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho ka ukukhiqizwa. Zonke esitokisini zihlukaniswe 3 amakilasi:

• wazibonakalisa ukubuyisa Amathuba 90%;
• ematfuba 50%;
• ezifakwa Okungenzeka amayelana 10%.

Engavumelana ngezigaba kazwelonke ukuze kuvame imikhuba engcono, i-UN isungule futhi ezihlongozwayo zokuhlukanisa izinsiza ekhishwe kanye sikawoyela emhlabeni ohlelweni jikelele, kumila okuyizinto nenqubo eliyisisekelo: ukusebenza komnotho kanye nesimo senhlalo yephrojekthi, isimo salo kanye elungile sokuthuthukiswa imali, ulwazi Geological futhi ukusetshenziswa amakhodi zezinombolo. Inhlanganisela nenqubo ezintathu kudala uhlelo ezintathu-ntathu.

E-US, uwoyela ongahluziwe libhekwa ngokuvumelana nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo :. Ngokwe SEC noma izibambiso emakethe, ngokuvumelana SPE - Society of Petroleum Engineers, AAPG - Association of Petroleum Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, njll Mayelana lokhu kukhululwa:

• izinqolobane Eliqinisekisiwe, noma izinqolobane, izimpawu 90 kuya 95% by okukhipha okungenzeka ngonyaka.
• Unproven.
• izinqolobane yamasu namafutha kusendaweni ekhosombeni zemvelo 4.

Lokhu isitokwe, emazweni amaningi ukuze udale izinzuzo zomnotho. Mayelana 4 billion. Ingabe ise Holdings zazo okuqukethwe 1.4 billion. Ingabe ngaphansi kolawulo isimo.

Ebhekisela isipiliyoni, kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela kulindeleke kawoyela emhlabeni ziklabe mancane kakhulu kunalawo kungenzeka empeleni likhishiwe. Lokhu kuthonywa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, ubuchwepheshe ikuvumela ukuba kukhishwe ukukhula imali yangasese izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuthi asikwazi ukwenziwa lapho kwaba amasu yisikhathi.

Umhlaba sikawoyela kuyadingeka ukuze ulondoloze bangakunaki IT-ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimoto ezintsha. Ngokwezibalo, intengo uphethiloli esiteshini igesi ikhuphukile 7-ngeshumi iminyaka engu-10. Isizathu salokhu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi umkhiqizo kawoyela emhlabeni yehlile kakhulu.

Ngokwe-Energy Imininingwane Administration American izinqolobane emhlabeni wonke yilezo ezithatha mayelana 1.3 trillion. Barrel. Kuyinto eMpumalanga Ephakathi kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye, E-Afrika (750 bhiliyoni imiphongolo.) - bhiliyoni 120 e-Eurasia yayigcwele -. Kwezigidi eziyizi-100, e-Asia nase-Oceania has abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu 4 imiphongolo, .. EU amazwe cishe lingekho. Kukhona izinqolobane abalulekile amafutha Arctic -. Mayelana bhiliyoni 90 imiphongolo, 22% of them are unproven izinqolobane emhlabeni.

Umhlaba umkhiqizo kawoyela, ngokuvumelana sokuma ahlonishwe K. Deffeysa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu XIX kwaba 1 isigidintathu kusuka 2.3 isigidintathu imiphongolo. Kwakuwusuku uwoyela kakhulu kufinyeleleke kalula futhi eliphezulu futhi esitokisini aseleko wabhekwa njengongento ukhwaliti ongaphakeme. Ezihlobene naso uwoyela noma ephuma kabili esiqinile izinto ezihlobene, ukukhiqizwa ozongena kungafaneleki, ungekho esimeni ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi nokukhiqizwa nokuqhutshwa. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi amafutha ezishibhile ngeke besakwazi kukhiqizwa.

Ukudla lwesintu incike uwoyela, ngoba asikwazi akhona ngaphandle izimboni, ezolimo, ezokukhiqiza, izimakethe zezimali kanye ezokuthutha. Kudingeka sihlakulele ezinciphisa uwoyela ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izimpahla, ukulahla ukusetshenziswa kwalo odala energy ezishisayo ukudala iqoqo izinyathelo ukuthuthukisa ezokuthutha kahle. Kudingeka imali kanye ashintshele ehlukile imithombo energy, futhi kuba indlela kuphela ilungelo ngesintu.