Sezibalo esikhulu Gauss: Biography, izithombe, ukuvulwa

Sezibalo Gauss wayeyindoda agodliwe. Eric Temple Bell, owayefundelwa yomlando wakhe, ikholwa ukuthi uma indlela Gauss ishicilele zonke nocwaningo lwakhe nokwatholakala in isikhathi esigcwele futhi, kungaba kwabayisithupha zezibalo abadumile. Futhi ngakho kwadingeka ngichithe share sengonyama isikhathi ukuze ufunde indlela uthole usosayensi noma enye idatha. izindlela Phela, wayehawukela akuvamile ishicilelwe, njalo unesithakazelo kuphela umphumela. Sezibalo letihloniphekile, nendoda ongaziwa futhi ubuntu inimitable - konke Carl Friedrich Gauss.

eminyakeni yokuqala

sezibalo Ikusasa Gauss wazalwa ngo 30.04.1777, the Yiqiniso, into eyinqaba, kodwa abantu oluvelele ozalwa imindeni edla imbuya ngothi kaningi. Kwathi ngaleso sikhathi. Uyisemkhulu kwakungu-umlimi abavamile, futhi uyise wasebenza Duchy of Brunswick wensimu, makhi noma plumber. Abazali bafunda ukuthi ingane yabo prodigy, nalapho usana mibili. Ngemva konyaka, Carl kakade uyazi ukuthi ukubala, ukufunda nokubhala.

Esikoleni, uthisha waphawula amakhono akhe lapho unikezwa umsebenzi ukubala isamba izinombolo kusuka 1 kuya 100. Gauss wakwazi ukuqonda ngokushesha ukuthi zonke izinombolo kakhulu ku pair kuyinto 101, futhi imizuzwana embalwa, wanquma le kwesibalo ngokuvele azalane 101 ngo-50.

izibalo Young lucky kakhulu kanye nathishela. Lokho kwamsiza konke, ngisho sizama ukuthi imali imfundamakhwela ithalente. Ngosizo Carl ephethwe iziqu ekolishi (1795).

studentship

Ngemva ekolishi, Gauss wayefunda e-University of Gottingen. Lesi sikhathi sokuphila wokuphila baye ukubizwa ngokuthi ukundlula. Ngalesi sikhathi wakwazi ukuveza ukuthi heptadecagon draw usebenzisa kuphela ikhampasi, kungenzeka. Uthi: Ungasondela semnadtsatiugolnik hhayi kuphela, kodwa amanye ngemapholigoni njalo, usebenzisa kuphela ikhampasi kanye wokulinganisa.

ENyuvesi yase-Gauss uqala ukuhola nencwadi yokubhala, okungenakuqhathaniswa, okuletha ukuthula zonke imininingwane ephathelene nocwaningo lwakhe. Iningi lazo abefihliwe iso emphakathini. Ukuze abangane, ngaso sonke isikhathi kusho ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubashumayeza ukushicilela ucwaningo noma ifomula, engesiyo 100% ukuthi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abaningi imibono yakhe kwatholakala ezinye zezibalo emva kweminyaka engu-30.

"Ucwaningo Aritmethikhi"

Kanye ekupheleni sezibalo inyuvesi Gauss yaphela umsebenzi zakhe ezivelele "ucwaningo Aritmethikhi" (1798), kodwa yanyatheliswa kuphela emva kweminyaka emibili.

Lo msebenzi onqala likhombe sathuthukisa wezibalo (ngokukhethekile, algebra, futhi izibalo Ephakeme). Umsebenzi omnengi wezinto igxile incazelo abiogenesis amafomu quadratic. Wokuphila zithi lapha ukuqala kokuvula Gauss mathematics. Phela, wayehawukela isazi sezibalo lokuqala owayephakathi ukubala amafraktjhini futhi ukuguqula ukusebenza.

Futhi encwadini, ungathola Paradigm ephelele zibalo cyclotomic. Gauss ngobuciko ukusebenzisa lo mbono ngokuzama ukuxazulula inkinga kufunwe ngemapholigoni nombusi kanye ikhampasi. Nihlola lokhu okungenzeka, uCarl Gauss (sezibalo) kwethula uchungechunge lwezinombolo, okuthiwa izinombolo Gauss (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). Lokhu kusho ukuthi nge elula zokubhala izinto, ungakwazi ukwakha 3-gon, 5-gon, 17-gon, njll Kodwa 7-gon Yakha ngeke isebenze, ngoba 7 akuyona "isibalo Gauss." Ngu inombolo sezibalo "yakhe" Ibuye ilandise ngababili ukuthi iyanda kunoma degree of uchungechunge yayo izinombolo (2 ^3, 2, ^5, njll)

Lo mphumela kungenziwa ngokuthi "okumsulwa khona ifayela echaza ifomu". Njengoba sekushiwo ekuqaleni, Gauss bathandile ukushicilela imiphumela yokugcina, kodwa ungalokothi kuboniswe izindlela. Ngokufanayo, kuleli cala, sezibalo uthi ukwakha a ipholigoni njalo kuyinto ngempela ngempela, ukuthi nje hhayi ucacise ncamashi indlela yokukwenza.

Astronomy nendlovukazi wesayensi

e 1799. Carl Gauss (sezibalo) uthola isihloko umsizi Uprofesa Braunshveynskogo University. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, unikwe indawo Petersburg Academy of Sciences, lapho ukhonza njengomPristi umlobeli othile. Usalokhu uyaqhubeka efundelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo, kodwa uhla izithakazelo zakhe enwetshiwe emva kuvulwa iplanethi encane. Gauss ezama ukubala futhi ucacise indawo yayo ngqo. Abaningi bafisa ukwazi ukuthi yini igama Iplanethi Computing wezibalo Gauss. Nokho, bambalwa bayazi ukuthi Ceres - akuyona iplanethi kuphela usosayensi zokusebenza.

Ngo 1801, okokuqala indikimba entsha yasezulwini kwatholakala. Kwathi ngokuphazima kweso kungalindele muntu, ngokuzumayo nje, kulahleke emhlabeni. Gauss wazama ukuthola wakhe, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zezibalo, futhi, Isimanga siwukuthi, kwaba kahle lapho ososayensi ezicijile.

Usosayensi Astronomy wahlanganyela eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili. odumo Umhlaba uthola Gauss (sezibalo ongumnikazi bathole okuningi) ukunquma orbit ngosizo ababecabanga ezintathu. Three kokuma - indawo lapho iplanethi itholakala isikhathi ezahlukene isikhathi. Ngosizo ngalezi zinkomba kwaphinde wathola Ceres. Ngendlela efanayo sathola kwenye iplanethi. Ngo 1802, ngesikhathi ebuzwa ukuthi yini igama iplanethi, isazi sezibalo wathola Gauss ongalalela: "Pallada". Running kancane ngaphambi, kuyafaneleka ukuthi ngo-1923 igama sezibalo esidumile okuthiwa elisemkhathini ezinkulu azungeza Mars. Gauss, noma elisemkhathini 1001 - is ngokomthetho iplanethi sezibalo Gauss.

Lawa kwakungamadodana izifundo sokuqala emkhakheni yezinkanyezi. Mhlawumbe nokucabanga nesibhakabhaka esinezinkanyezi kwaba isizathu ukuthi indoda umxhwele izinombolo, enquma ukuqala umndeni. Ngo-1805 ashade Johann Ostgof. Lokhu kusiza okuzelwe umbhangqwana ube nezingane ezintathu, kodwa uthunjana wafa isakhasa.

Ngo 1806 wafa iNkosana, ngubani axhasa izibalo. amazwe aseYurophu elwela Gauss uqale ukumema ngokwayo. Kusukela 1807 futhi kuze izinsuku zakhe zokugcina Gauss uphokophele uMnyango e-University of Gottingen.

Ngo 1809, inkosikazi yokuqala uyafa wezibalo ngonyaka ofanayo Gauss ishicilela indalo yayo entsha - ". I Paradigm ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini" incwadi ngokuthi Izindlela kuhlaziywa uzungeza amaplanethi, ezichazwe kulo msebenzi, esasebenza nanamuhla (siqala nokuchitshiyelwa ezincane).

Theorem eziyinhloko-Algebra

Ukuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye eJalimane elalihlangana isimo sezinxushunxushu futhi ibole. Lezo ezineminyaka engu-zazilukhuni kubo isazi sezibalo, kodwa uyaqhubeka uphila. Ngo 1810 Gauss okwesibili ukuze uzobopha elikasofasilahlane - Minna Waldeck. Kulesi inyunyana livela izingane ezintathu: Teresa, uWilliam no-Eugen. 1810 futhi waba unyaka ukuthola umklomelo ohlonishwa kanye wendondo yegolide.

Gauss kuyaqhubeka umsebenzi walo emasimini bokufundwa kwezinkanyezi nezibalo, ukuhlola izakhi kakhudlwana futhi engaziwa abaningi balaba komkhakha wezesayensi. ukushicilelwa yakhe yokuqala ku-theorem ayisisekelo algebra, sihlehlela emuva 1815. Umqondo oyinhloko uwukwenza okulandelayo: inani izimpande polynomial ngokuqondile wakhona degree yayo. Kamuva, isitatimende yefomu ukuhluka iyiphi inombolo degree, hhayi ilingane no-zero, i-priori, okungenani eyodwa izimpande.

Waqale wafakazela ukuthi ngisho 1799, kodwa akazange aneliseke umsebenzi wakhe, ngakho ukushicilelwa lanyatheliswa eminyakeni 16 kamuva, nabanye izichibiyelo, anezele kanye ukubalisisa.

Non-Euclidean ithiyori

Ngokusho kwemibiko, e 1818 Gauss wakwazi kuqala ukwakha isisekelo geometry non-Euclidean, okuyinto theorem ukuthi kuyoke kwenzeke ngokoqobo. geometry Euclidean yisici isayensi, distinguishable nga Euclidean. Isici esiyinhloko Euclidean geometry - ebukhoneni axioms futhi theorems angadingi ukunconywa. Encwadini yakhe ethi, "Imisuka", Euclid wanika sokuvuma uthathwe kalula, ngoba ayikwazi ukushintshwa. Gauss waba ngowokuqala ngubani bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi imfundiso Euclid asikwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi asetshenziswe ngaphandle kokugunyazwa sokuzibonakalisa elungile, ngoba kwezinye izimo abanayo isisekelo esiqinile ubufakazi ukuthi kwanelisa zonke izidingo isilingo. Ngakho-geometry non-Euclidean. Yiqiniso, amasistimu weJiyomethri eziyisisekelo zitholwe Lobachevsky futhi Riemann, kodwa Gauss - sezibalo, bakwazi ukubheka nangaphakathi futhi uthole iqiniso, - kwaphawula ukuqala le-geometry sigaba.

geodesy

Ngo 1818, uhulumeni wase-Hanover enquma ukuthi kukhona isidingo ulinganise umbuso, futhi lo msebenzi kwaba Carl Friedrich Gauss. Okutholakele mathematics akuphelanga, kodwa usanda kuthenga ngomqondo omusha. Kutfutfukisa emakhono ladzingekile ekuhloleni inhlanganisela umsebenzi Computing. Yayihlanganisa indlela Gaussian ka "Isikwele esincane", okuyinto ephakanyiswe ezingeni wezokwakha entsha.

Wayefanele ngokudweba amamephu bese uphatha ukuqoshwa izindawo. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba bathole ulwazi olusha futhi abakhulule ucwaningo olusha lwesitshalo, ngakho ngo-1821 waqala ukubhala umsebenzi, anikezelwe geodesy. Lokhu Gauss umsebenzi eyanyatheliswa ngo 1827, onesihloko esithi "ukuhlaziywa Jikelele ezishelelayo engalingani." Ngesisekelo lo msebenzi, i-geometry sangaphakathi abaqamekeli esasilaliswe kulo. Sezibalo wayekholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba ucabangele izinto phezu, njengoba izakhiwo ebusweni, benaka ubude ijika, kuyilapho ukungamnaki idatha isikhala kuma. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, lo mbono uye kulekelelwa ngemisebenzi Riemann futhi A. Alexandrov.

Ngenxa yalesi umsebenzi emphakathini yesayensi baqala ukuvela umqondo wegama elithi "ugobile Gaussian" (ichaza endizeni ugobile isilinganiso iphuzu elithile). It uqala khona geometry umehluko. Futhi lokho okubonwayo kuqondile, Carl Friedrich Gauss (sezibalo) kuletha izindlela ezintsha ukuthola amanani nge awokuthi.

Mechanics

Ngo-1824, Gauss kwaba engekho kufakwe amalungu Petersburg Academy of Sciences. On le mpumelelo yakhe akugcini, kusenzima kanzima ukwenza Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona presents kutholakala into entsha: "integers Gaussian". Ngezansi kubo ehloselwe izinombolo onesabelo yangempela futhi ngengqondo, okuyizinto integers. Eqinisweni, izakhiwo zalo asikhumbuza Gaussian integers evamile, kodwa lezo zici kancane ehlukile asivumela ukufakazela umthetho reciprocity biquadratic.

Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, wayengumuntu inimitable. Gauss - sezibalo, ukuvulwa okuyinto eduze ngakho zithandelana ukuphila, - yenze ezinye izinguquko ezintsha ngisho Mechanics ngo-1829. Ngalesi sikhathi-ke kwaphuma khona umsebenzi omncane "On isimiso esisha jikelele Mechanics". It Gauss kufakazela ukuthi isimiso imiphumela encane, angababaza kufanele kubhekwe Paradigm entsha Mechanics. Ososayensi siqinisekise ukuthi lesi simiso singasetshenziswa zonke izinhlelo mechanical, ezixhunywe ndawonye.

physics

Kusukela 1831 Gauss aqale ukuhlushwa yokuqwasha ezinzima. Lesi sifo ukuvela ngemva kokufa umlingani yesibili. Ufuna induduzo ucwaningo olusha nabajwayelene nabo. Ngakho, sibonga isimemo sakhe Weber efika e Gottingen. Nge umuntu omusha abanamakhono Gauss ngokushesha yokuthola ulimi olulodwa. Bobabili abanothando isayensi kanye isifiso sokuthola ulwazi kufanele kuyancipha, ukwabelana isipiliyoni sabo, nokuqonda kanye nakho. Laba bathandi zithathwa ngokushesha ukuze ibhizinisi, echitha isikhathi sakhe ekutadisheni umugqa wemiyalo.

Gauss, isazi sezibalo, ogama biography ongowenani elikhulu yesayensi, e 1832, wadala amayunithi ngokuphelele, okuyinto zisasetshenziswa physics. Yena wakhetha izikhundla ezintathu eziyinhloko: yobudala, isisindo kanye ibanga (ubude). Njengoba sihambisana nale ukutholakala e 1833, sibonga ucwaningo ezikanye physics Weber, Gauss wakwazi ukuqamba lo yocingo kagesi.

1839 wabona ukukhululwa lomunye imisebenzi - ". On Jikelele abiogenesis-gravity kanye nokuphenyisisa umuzwa wokwenyanya, okuyizinto ngqo wakhona ibanga" Emakhasini wachaza ngokuningiliziwe umthetho Gauss odumile (owaziwa nangokuthi theorem Gauss, noma umane ifayela echaza ifomu Gauss sika). Lo mthetho ingenye ezinkulu e electrodynamics. Kuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi zamanje kagesi kanye nenani kwamanzi kwenkokhiso, sihlukaniswe ku njalo kagesi.

Ngawo lowo nyaka Gauss kahle isiRashiya. He sa izincwadi ukuze Petersburg ngesicelo ukumthuma izincwadi Russian nomagazini, ikakhulukazi wayefuna bajwayelane umsebenzi "Ndodakazi uKaputeni sika." Leli qiniso oluchaza kufakazela ukuthi, ngaphezu amakhono ukubala, Gauss babenegunya elikhulu letinye tinkhanuko kanye izinto zokuzilibazisa.

nje indoda

Gauss neze ezisheshayo ukushicilela. Wayephethe eside ngokucophelela bese zihlolisiswa ngamunye emsebenzini wakhe. Ngoba zonke izibalo kwakubaluleke: kusukela ifomula lesifanele ziphethe bakhangwa ubuhle kanye ukukhuluma ngendlela elula. Wakuthanda ukusho ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe - njengoba indlu elalisanda kwakhiwa. Umnikazi zibonisa kuphela umphumela wokugcina, kodwa hhayi izinsalela ihlathi sebenzisa be kusayithi yokuhlala. Futhi ngomsebenzi wakhe: Gauss wayeqiniseka ngokuthi akekho okufanele sibonise okusalungiswa olunzima ucwaningo, kuphela kokuqendwa idatha, imibono, amafomula.

Gauss luye lwabonisa njalo a ngigxile kakhulu kuyisayensi, kodwa ikakhulukazi yayinesithakazelo izibalo, okuyinto ecabange "indlovukazi zonke izinhlobo zesayensi." Futhi hlobo kuya empeleni bancishwa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe ezibonakalayo neziphiwo zami. Ngisho esegugile, yena njengenjwayelo, wachitha izibalo kakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi engqondweni. Sezibalo neze ebezingakuthinti zisebenza umsebenzi wabo. Njenganoma ubani, wesaba ukuthi abantu ayephila nabo abazange baqonde. Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe, uCarl uthi ukhathele njalo teeter onqenqemeni: ". Isidleke iminyovu sika zibuthuntu" Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yajabulela ukuyisa ukusekela isayensi, kodwa ngakolunye, wayengafuni ukuba bakhuthaze

Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe Gauss ayichitha Gottingen, kanye kuphela wakwazi ukuvakashela Berlin engqungqutheleni yesayensi. Wayengacabanga isikhathi eside ukuba afeze ucwaningo, ucwaningo, izibalo noma izilinganiso, kodwa akazange bathanda abathethise. Le nqubo, wayekholelwa kuphela kudingeka ngeshwa, kodwa uma evele iqembu labafundi abanamakhono, wamsindisa azisona isikhathi sokuzithela kubo, awekho amandla futhi iminyaka eminingi balondoloza ukuxhumana sixoxe ngale mibuzo ebalulekile ngokwesayensi.

Carl Friedrich Gauss, isazi sezibalo, isithombe, zazo zikhona kulesi sihloko kwaba ngempela indoda emangalisayo. Ubuchwepheshe Ezivelele kungaba ozibongayo hhayi kuphela kwi-mathematics kodwa futhi ngezilimi zangaphandle "waba umngane." Wayesazi kahle Latin IsiNgisi nesiFulentshi, enekhono ngisho Russian. Sezibalo ukufunda memoir yesayensi akukhona nje kuphela, kodwa futhi eqanjiwe abavamile. Ikakhulukazi ethanda umkhiqizo Dickens, Swift Valtera Skotta. Ngemva namadodana akhe abasebasha bethuthele e-United States, Gauss balithanda abalobi American. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umlutha Danish, Swedish, isiNtaliyane futhi izincwadi iSpanishi. Zonke imisebenzi sezibalo ngokuqinisekile ukufunda yokuqala.

Gauss kuthatha isikhundla olandelanayo kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Kusukela esemncane wafikelwa sincike abantu abasezikhundleni kwakungafanele. Ngisho nalapho eyunivesithi 1837 waqala wokumelana yinkosi, juqa osolwazi okuqukethwe, uKarl akangenelanga.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngo 1849 Gauss uphawula iminyaka engu-50 iziqu sabelo. Kuye kwavela i-zezibalo abadumile, kwaba kuhle emehlweni kuye okungaphezu ukwabiwa kwezimali kwenye umklomelo. Ngo ngokuphila kwakhe ngenxa abaningi abagulayo Carl Gauss eminyakeni edlule. Izibalo kwakunzima ukuhambahamba, kodwa ecacile futhi nokucija kwengqondo angeke uhlawuliswe.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa impilo Gauss waqhubeka ewohloka. Odokotela ukuthi nginesifo isifo senhliziyo kanye ukucindezeleka kwemizwa. Imithi awazange asize cishe.

Sezibalo Gauss washona ngo-February 23, 1855, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili. I usosayensi odumile wangcwatshwa Gottingen futhi, ngokuvumelana nentando yakhe yokugcina, kuqoshiwe heptadecagon itshe lethuna. Kamuva, kuyoba ukuphrinta ekumeni ku izitembu banknotes, izwe uyohlale khumbula sazi yakhe ephambili kunawo wonke.

Lokhu kwaba Carl Friedrich Gauss - ongaziwa, ehlakaniphile futhi ngomdlandla. Futhi uma ubuza igama iplanethi sezibalo Gauss, ungakwazi okudliwa impendulo: "Izibalo", ngoba bona, esebenzisa ukuphila kwakhe.