Yiziphi mitochondria? lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo

Mitochondria - kwenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kwanoma iyiphi iseli. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi chondriosomes. Lokhu granulovidnye noma organelles filamentous ukuthi ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye cytoplasm zezitshalo nezilwane. Bangabaholi nabakhiqizi ATP amangqamuzana, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze izinqubo eziningi kuseli.

Yiziphi mitochondria?

Mitochondria - iseli kuyinto base amandla, imisebenzi yabo zisekelwe namachibi of organic compounds , futhi ukusetshenziswa amandla yakhululwa ngo ukubola ATP molecule. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi ngolimi olulula, ibizwa ngokuthi esiteshini odala energy amaseli. Ngo-1850 mitochondria g. Zikhonjwe elimbudumbudu bemisipha. Inombolo yabo nhlobonhlobo kuye ngokuthi izimo ukukhula: bandisa ngokwengeziwe kulawo amaseli lapho ukuntula elikhulu nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuvamile kakhulu ngesikhathi umsebenzi. Kulezi kwezicubu livela i Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu amandla ezakha mitochondria.

Ukuvela kwegama elithi nendawo ngemcondvo symbiogenesis

Ngo-1897 Bend okokuqala wethulwa welithi "mitochondria", selisho luyimbudumbudu nesakhiwo filamentous e le cytoplasm amaseli. Ukuma kanye nosayizi zihlukene: ukushuba ka 0.6 microns, ubude - kusukela microns 1 kuya ku-11. Ezimweni ezingavamile, mitochondria kungenzeka node ezinkulu futhi branched.

Okwazekayo symbiogenesis unikezwa umbono ocacile walokho okushiwo mitochondria nokuthi bavela amaseli. Lithi kwavela inqubo chondriosomes ukubhujiswa amagciwane amaseli, prokaryotes. Ngebanga lokobana angazange akghone ngokuzimela zisebenzisa i-oksijini ukuze ikhiqize amandla, ke uvinjelwe ukuthuthukiswa yabo okugcwele progenote kungaqala ngokukhululekile. Phakathi ukuvela ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo kwenza ukuba adlule yofuzo progenote manje eukaryotes. Ngenxa yalesi mitochondria intuthuko manje hhayi eziphilayo ezimele. isakhi sofuzo yabo pool ngeke lisetshenziswe ngokugcwele, njengoba ukuvaleka yayo olungaphelele enzyme, okuyizinto kunoma iyiphi iseli.

Lapho ingabe baqhubeka bephila?

I mitochondria basuke bagxila lezo zindawo cytoplasm, lapho kunesidingo kule ATP. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi akuphi kude myofibrils futhi zakha isidoda is bezungeza zokuzivikela ukumaska donsa-eksisi ku izicubu imisipha yenhliziyo. Kube zikhiqiza amandla amaningi kuze kube "umsila" cool. Ngale ndlela isidoda neqanda uhamba.

mitochondria okusha kumaseli ezakhiwe elula division organelles odlule. Phakathi Imininingwane lezinceku wonke lilondolozwe phakathi kwalo.

Mitochondria: babukeka kanjani

Ukuma mitochondria sifana isilinda. Avame ukutholakala e eukaryotes, ukuthatha kusuka 10 kuya 21% umthamo cell. ubungako bawo futhi ukuma kuyahlukahluka futhi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izimo, kodwa ububanzi njalo: 0.5-1 microns. Chondriosomes hambisa incike izindawo lapho iseli senziwa okusheshayo sadlala amandla. Iya ngokusebenzisa cytoplasm usebenzisa isakhiwo cytoskeletal nokuhamba. Esikhundleni Ubukhulu ezahlukene mitochondria, ukusebenza eceleni komunye nomunye futhi bephethe amandla, ezinye izindawo zaleli cytoplasm, kukhona mitochondria eside futhi branched. Bayakwazi ukuze lunikeze amandla yeseli amasayithi ziqhelelene kakhulu. ukusebenzisana okunjalo chondriosomes waphawula hhayi kuphela e eziphilayo owumphumela, kodwa futhi amaningi. Kuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo isakhiwo chondriosomes ezitholakala imisipha yohlaka ezincelisayo, lapho chondriosomes ngobukhulu branched wajoyina nomunye ngokusebenzisa mezhmitohondrialnye oxhumana (MMK).

Ziyakwazi izikhala ewumngcingo phakathi eduze komunye nomunye ulwelwesi mitochondrial. Lesi sikhala has a high electron kwabantu. MMK eside zenzeka kumaseli we imisipha yenhliziyo, okuyizinto ezihlobene ne chondriosomes yokusebenza.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono inkinga, kuba kafushane kudingekile ukupenda ukubaluleka mitochondria, isakhiwo nokusebenza kwalezi zici organelles emangalisayo.

Kanjani basebenza?

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi mitochondria, kubalulekile ukwazi isakhiwo sabo. Lokhu umthombo wamandla engavamile has simise uyindilinga, kodwa side kakhudlwana. Ulwelwesi ezimbili ezibekwe eduze komunye nomunye:

• yangaphandle (bushelelezi);
• Ingaphakathi esiyingxenye protuberances ihlamvu (cristae) kanye ijabulise (tubules) amafomu.

Uma ungenalo acabangele ubukhulu kanye ukuma mitochondria, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi uyefana. Chondriosomes delimited by ulwelwesi ezimbili, usayizi 6 NM. Uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle mitochondria sifana esitsheni ukuthi sibavikela hyaloplasm. ulwelwesi Inner kusukela yangaphandle ingxenye ububanzi otedinyaet 11-19 NM. Ukuhlukanisa isici ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi ubhekwa ikhono layo ukuze aphume ashone ngaphakathi mitochondria, ukuthatha uhlobo emikhulu isicaba.
It igcwalisa ngalo ingaphakathi langaphakathi matrix mitochondrion esesikhundleni isakhiwo esihle grained lapho lokuluhlaza ngezinye izikhathi abonise futhi granules (15-20 NM). Matrix lokuluhlaza ukudala molecule e-DNA organelles, kanye nosayizi esincane elimbudumbudu - mitochondria ribosome.

ATP zamagama esinyathelweni sokuqala senzeka hyaloplasm. Kulesi sigaba kukhona namachibi kokuqala substrates noma glucose ukuba pyruvic acid. Lezi zinqubo zenzeke ngaphandle oksijini - namachibi anaerobic. Isigaba esilandelayo kumiswa energy namachibi aerobic kanye ATP kwamazinyo, le nqubo kwenzeka mitochondria amaseli.

Yiziphi mitochondria?

Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-organelles yilezi:

• iseli amandla isizukulwane;

• ukugcinwa kolwazi zofuzo ngesimo DNA yayo.

Ukuba khona mitochondria e-deoxyribonucleic acid yayo waphinda kuqinisekisa inkolelo-mbono iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana ka ukuvela lezi organelles. Futhi, ngaphandle umsebenzi eyisisekelo, ababandakanyeka synthesis-hormone nama-amino acid.

zokugula mitochondrial

Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo ezenzeka ufuzo we mitochondria, okuholela imiphumela iyadumaza. Inkampani yenethiwekhi kolwazi lezinceku kuyinto DNA yomuntu, okuyinto basukile abazali enzalweni futhi ufuzo mitochondrial idluliselwa kuphela kusukela kumama. Uchaza lokhu Empeleni silula: ke cytoplasm izingane iziboshwa chondriosomes ukuzwana nabo Iqanda sowesifazane, isidoda bengekho. Abesifazane nale ukuphambuka kungenziwa sebedlulisela enzalweni isifo mitochondrial, umuntu ogulayo - akukho.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, chondriosomes efanayo ikhophi DNA - gomoplazmiya. Ngo ufuzo mitochondria ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kungabangela zenzeka ngenxa co-khona amangqamuzana enempilo futhi soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka kwenzeka heteroplasmy.

Ngenxa inqubo yokwelapha yesimanje samanje ezikhonjwe izifo ezingaphezu kuka-200, imbangela okuvela okwakubonisa njengoba kuguquka mitochondria DNA. Akuzona zonke izimo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwamakhilomitha zokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo mitochondrial umboleke kahle ngokwabo.

Ngakho sibhekene umbuzo uyini mitochondria. Njengabo bonke abanye organelles, babalulekile kakhulu kuseli. Bona ngokungaqondile iqhaza zonke izinqubo, okuyinto kudingeka amandla.