Zonke-Russian emakethe. Kumiswa emakethe lonke

Ekhulwini le-17 emkhakheni ezinemali kunazo zonke futhi ohlonishwa kwaba namanye amazwe. Ngenxa wakhe, eMpumalanga Ephakathi ukuphakela izimpahla eziyindlala kakhulu: ubucwebe, amakha, iziqholo, usilika nokunye. Isifiso sokuba konke, futhi ngesikhathi inkanuko ukusungulwa kanye nokuqinisa okwengeziwe ukukhiqizwa yayo siqu. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-umfutho lokuqala ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba yasekhaya eYurophu.

isingeniso

ENkathini Ephakathi kwakukhona ukwenyuka kancane ivolumu namanye amazwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, ngenxa eziningi eziye zatholwa womhlaba, kwakukhona gxuma lubonakale. Uhwebo European isibe global, kanye inkathi medieval yahamba ngokushelela esikhathini sokuzuza capital. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka angu th 16-18 kwaba nasekuqiniseni nokubambisana kwezomnotho phakathi ezindaweni eziningana kanye kumiswa ezimakethe kazwelonke. Nokho, ziphawuleka kumiswa uthi kazwelonke eyodwa ohlanga ngokuphelele. Lonke lezomnotho lala mazwe yayihloselwe kumiswa emakethe kazwelonke, ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba ezifuywayo angaphandle. ukubaluleka Omkhulu Naye wanikelwa ekuqiniseni izimboni, ezolimo, ukuxhumana amathuluzi.

Qala alo emakethe lonke

Ngekhulu 18 th kuya ensimini ka ukuhweba jikelele exhumanisa kancane kancane laseRussia aqala ukujoyina ezifundeni ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, maphakathi yezwe ne Kwesokunxele-Bank Ukraine imikhiqizo zaqala ukutheleka futhi eminye imikhiqizo zezimboni (nitrate, Umsizi, ingilazi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eRussia lezwakala inkundla ngemikhiqizo ye-artisan endawo kanye nezimboni. inhlanzi waqala zivela ezifundeni Don, inyama, isinkwa. Emuva kusukela Central kanye iVolga izifunda babe izinto, izicathulo, izindwangu. Kazakhstan wafika izinkomo, esenana okuyinto indawo engumakhelwane enikeziwe isinkwa futhi eminye imikhiqizo ezimbonini.

fair

nethonya elikhulu kumiswa emakethe zonke-Russian enikeziwe fair. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi okuyinto wayebe ukubaluleka kazwelonke Makarevskaya. Le mikhiqizo kwalethwa ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe: Vologda, entshonalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye Smolensk, Petersburg, Riga, eMoscow Yaroslavl, Kazan bese Astrakhan. Phakathi ethandwa kakhulu kufanele okuthiwa amatshe ayigugu, insimbi, uboya, okusanhlamvu, isikhumba, lendwangu imikhiqizo yezilwane ezihlukahlukene (inyama, amafutha), usawoti kanye nenhlanzi. Yini yathengwa ngaleso fair, izindleko bese ezweni lonke: izinhlanzi kanye uboya - e Moscow, isinkwa kanye insipho - ukuze Petersburg, imikhiqizo metal - Astrakhan. Iminyaka eyikhulu ukujabulisa ukuhweba abangu kakhulu anda. Ngakho, ngo-1720, unyaka leli zwe aba yizinkulungwane 280 wesifunda, futhi engu-21 kamuva - .. Ingabe kakade 489.000.

Bekanye Makary, yazuza ukubaluleka kazwelonke nezinye SMME: zintathu, Orenburg, Annunciation futhi Uyingelosi Enkulu. Irbit, isibonelo, kwadingeka i imizi emashumi mathandathu Russian izifundazwe 17, kwamiswa nokuxhumana yasePheresiya nase-Asia Ephakathi. Svenskaya Fair kuye kwahlotshaniswa emadolobheni 37 futhi 21 sifundazwe th. Bekanye eMoscow, zonke lezi Fairs zazibaluleke kakhulu ekuletheni ndawonye kokubili ezimakethe lesifunda kanye wesifunda kanye lendawo emakethe zonke isiRashiya.

Isimo somnotho e-neenarha ezisathuthukako

ongumlimi isiRashiya, ngemva ephelele kokugqilazwa imigomo yawo yezomthetho ebekwe wokuqala u nokho ukuba ikhokhe uMbuso, kanye yenkosi yakhe, nezintela (zemvelo noma imali). Kodwa uma, isibonelo, ukuqhathanisa isimo somnotho eRussia nasePoland, abalimi yasePoland for inkonzo ngesimo serfdom ngokuya kwaqina. Ngakho-ke, kungase kube ngubani kubo ekugcineni kwezinsuku 5-6 ngesonto. Ukuze ongumlimi Russian enezinsuku ezingu 3.

izibopho Inkokhelo ngefomu yemali kusikisela ukuba khona emakethe. Esitezi ukuhweba we ongumlimi kwadingeka ukufinyelela. Kumiswa emakethe lonke wakhuthaza kulendawo ukuba ngumnikazi futhi adayise imikhiqizo yasemapulazini, kanye (futhi akukho ngaphansi) futhi isimo - ekukhiqizeni kwezimali cash namarisidi.

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho waseRussia kusukela isigamu 2nd kwekhulu le-16

Ngalesi sikhathi waqala ukwakha ezigcawini lesifunda ezinkulu. Ngu eyikhulu 17 ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano phakathi wamazwe ibhizinisi kwenziwa ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke. "Zonke-Russian Market" - Umphumela ukunwetshwa isici esisha ukuxhumana kwenzeka phakathi izindawo ngabanye. Nakuba ukuhlanganisa yayo ngokwezinga elikhulu uvinjelwe ezingamahlalakhona imigwaqo Russian.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-17, kukhona abanye izimfanelo ezenza yonke-Russian emakethe sekukhona. imfundo yakhe, ikakhulukazi, waba negalelo elikhulu ushona we division yezenhlalakahle yokusikwa ukukhiqizwa lunye indawo, kanye isimo sezombangazwe kudingekile ukuthi sekukhona ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu, eyayibonakala okuhloswe ngawo ukudala isimo esisodwa.

The main ukuyothenga endaweni yezwe

Kusukela engxenyeni 2nd kwekhulu le-16 kwakhiwa futhi kwaqinisa enjalo izimakethe ukhiye yesifunda ezifana iVolga esifundeni (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - imikhiqizo imfuyo), North (Vologda - umthengi oyinhloko okusanhlamvu, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - noboya), North-West ( Novgorod - ukudayiswa Hemp nelineni imikhiqizo), Centre (Tikhvin, Tula - ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo metal). Kodwa lo main jikelele yokudayisa phansi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba eMoscow. Kuyo, kwakukhona cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amabili uchungechunge ezikhethekile, lapho ungase ukuthenga uvolo nendwangu, usilika noboya, fat and isinkwa, iwayini, imikhiqizo metal, kokubili ezifuywayo zokukhiqiza angaphandle.

Igunya lohulumeni

Zonke-Russian emakethe, esadaleka ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu nomthelela anda isinyathelo ebhizinisi. Ngokwazi ukwazi komphakathi, ezingeni imibono kwakukhona lungelo nenkululeko. Kancane kancane, isimo somnotho ngenkathi sokuzuza capital kwaholela nenkululeko kwamabhizinisi kokubili ezohwebo kanye nakwezinye izimboni.

Emkhakheni wezingalo imisebenzi yezolimo kancane esikhundleni isinqumo uhulumeni izinduna ukushintsha ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nezolimo. Uhulumeni Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-a umkhakha kazwelonke ezathonya yena, ekuthuthukiseni emakethe lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo axhasa isingeniso kwezolimo, ephelele ngaphezu kwalokho okuke kwabonwa ngaphambilini.

Emkhakheni wezingalo namanye amazwe uhulumeni uhlose ukuthola amakoloni futhi afeze umgomo wokuvikela. Ngakho, konke ngaphambili sici for ngabanye emadolobheni zokuhweba, sekuyibhizinisi isiqondiso kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki isimo sisonke.

isiphetho

Isici esiyinhloko kwenkathi sokuzuza capital ubhekwa ukuvela ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali futhi emakethe umnotho. Konke lokhu kuye kwashiya uphawu olukhethekile ku yonke imikhakha indlela yokuphila kwesikhathi. Nokho, kwaba inkathi kancane impikiswano, eqinisweni, kanye nezinye izinkathi shintsho, lapho kwakukhona ababethanda phakathi izinduna ukulawula umnotho, umphakathi, ezombusazwe, izidingo zomuntu ezingokomoya futhi izitayela ezintsha inkululeko wobunxiwankulu, ngenxa ukunwetshwa ukuhweba izikali, ezinomthelela nokuqedwa ngabodwa indawo futhi ukulinganiselwa izigodi amakhosi asendulo.