Uhlelo sezimali Russian Federation - a ... RF isabelomali. uhlelo lwezimali Modern we Russian Federation

Kusukela isimo uhlelo lwezimali lithembela ngokuphelele amazinga okuphila yezwe. Ngo Macroeconomics ke ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kufanele utadishe ngokuningiliziwe umqondo zezimali Russia futhi ngaqaphela ukubaluleka kwalesi simiso. Kuyadingeka kokubuka shí izenzo kanye izindlela kusebenta kwato isimiso.

Uhlolojikelele

Okwamanje, uhlelo sezimali Russian Federation - uyinto ekhuthazelela ukuphikisana mpikiswano. Kukhona izindaba eziningi esikhathi ngalo okumelwe sibhekane nazo. Ngokwesibonelo, enganele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngamunye, a kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi omkhulu kwezenhlalo, ukuthuthukiswa ongalingani izakhi kwezomnotho, nomthelela omubi inqubo zokuzala, a lag olubonakalayo yokuvumelana izinguquko zezimali nangaphandle izimakethe lezimpahla kanye lonwabu ukuthuthukiswa. Uhlelo sezimali Russian Federation - iyona ubudlelwane kwezomnotho, okuyinto zihlelwe nomunye nsuku ethize. A ebunganini obufanayo kuthinta cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komuntu kwanamuhla. Lezi ubudlelwano ezingavela phakathi kwabantu, amaqembu zomthetho eziningana, kanye ezifundazweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho, enye imikhakha nokuxhumana kwezomnotho kukhona okulandelayo: ibhajethi umndeni, izimali siqu kanye nasemakhaya. Ngamafuphi - sabantu yenhloko-dolobha.

ulwazi oluningiliziwe

Umqondo uhlelo lwezimali Russian ubonakala iqoqo ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. isakhiwo sayo ahlukanisa sphere ngabanye nezixhumanisi. Kunoma yiliphi izinga nokuphatha izimali izakhi zokukhiqiza kwezenhlalo, ngaphandle lapho khona kanye nokusebenza kohlelo awulona ingenzeka. Libuye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwabo:

1) isingeniso ekuqaleni intuthuko entsha kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe;

2) nokugcina Expanded izimali ukukhiqizwa wesifunda (kokubili zomphakathi kanye nezizimele);

3) somthetho we izakhiwo kwezomnotho indawo and Industry;

4) wanelise nezinye izidingo sabantu.

Izinhlobo ezithile izidingo isezingeni isimo kanye nezinhlangano. Lokhu kuchaza ukuvela izinhlobo ezahlukene ubudlelwano, okubandakanya uhlelo lwezimali waseRussia. Manje, abanye ochwepheshe emkhakheni asilazi nokuxhumana ubuhlobo kwezomnotho laba ababili '. Nokho, zikhona nezincwadi, elichaza inhlangano uhlelo lwezimali. Lezo zincwadi enikelwe nomndeni siqu okudlekayo-inzuzo izinhlelo, ama-asethi angawendlu.

izakhi Ukwakheka kanye kwesakhiwo

Uhlelo zezimali Russia siqukethe neminye imizimba oxhumene kanye nezikhungo. Injongo eyinhloko umnotfo ukuhlangabezana ezihlukahlukene izidingo zomphakathi. Ukuxhumana Wezezimali embozwe lonke uhlelo yezwe kanye nezwe umsebenzi womphakathi. Ukusebenza kulezi zinkanyezi kungenxa khona kwezikhungo ekhethekile ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo zezimali. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, kukhona imiqondo eziningana emnothweni Russian. Uhlelo zezimali yezwe:

1. isiqalo nesigcino izikhungo ezahlukene, ngalinye elikwazi uhlanganyela ukwakheka nokusetshenziswa okwalandela yemali izimali yayo ehambisana.

2. Umphakathi nezikhethekile nemizimba okuyinto bafeze imisebenzi yezimali ngaphansi kwalokho enekhono lakho.

Kumiswa umnotho kusukela nokuxhumana nezikhungo ezahlukene ukuthi banesibopho elawula ukudalwa, ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimali. Izici yentuthuko yezwe ngesikhathi sithola ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso nezimo zezimakethe kuthinte kakhulu uhlelo lwezimali. Ngakho, isakhiwo kwezomnotho eRussia sihlanganisa imali izimali elandelayo nezikhungo zomthetho ezifanele kubo,

1. Uhlelo kwesabelomali lizwe. Kuhlanganisa amabhajethi lohulumeni basekhaya, izinhlangano yombuso kanye Federal ngqo.

2. stock market.

3. credit State.

4. Izimali Extra kwesabelomali lizwe.

5. Ezezimali izinhlangano.

6. umshwalense imali.

Jikelele izimali isimo. Umqondo, isakhiwo kanye nenhloso

Ngesisekelo izimali kazwelonke kukhona amabhajethi ezihlukahlukene amazinga abafanele. Leli qembu sihlanganisa imiqondo ezifana abolekise komphakathi kanye nomphakathi off-isabelomali izimali yezwe. Ngo ukulungisa ezihlukahlukene zomnotho ukuthengiselana kanye nobudlelwane ukusatshalaliswa Macro indima esemqoka kungokwalabo lolu hlobo ezezimali. kumiswa yabo nokusatshalaliswa eyodwa. Lo msuka kohlelo iyatholakala kohulumeni basekhaya kanye isimo. Ezingeni micro ekuxazululeni ukuthengiselana kwezomnotho ukuhlangabezana izakhi izinkampani zezimali, umshwalense kanye esikweletu uhlelo yasebhange. Noma kunjalo, asikwazi lokucabanga ukuthi izixhumanisi emnothweni axhunyaniswa kuphela ezingeni nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho e umuzwa wabo ebanzi. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthi ukhona interconnection ngci phakathi zonke izingxenye ingxenye uhlelo lwezimali. State enza kumiswa izinsiza eyodwa futhi endlalekile ngokusebenzisa umnotho. Ukuze afeze le misebenzi, iziqondiso ezihlukahlukene kanye nemithetho efanele. Futhi amathuluzi ayo kukhona zamanani izindlela, i-credit uhlelo, izintela kanye nokunye. ezezimali lonke Russian atehlukaniseki nalo lonke emnothweni. Nokho, kukhona ezinye emagama likhona. GDP ungumthombo oyinhloko replenishment isabelomali izimali kuwo wonke amazinga. Kumiswa It is emkhakheni zokukhiqiza impahla. Khona-ke, ngentela kudala isabelomali Russian kanye nezimali zomphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo ukukhiqizwa kabusha enwetshiwe Kwenziwa amabhizinisi, hhayi kuphela kwi-akhawunti abo. Babesebenzisa isimo lesikweletu noma ngqo ebhange amanothi kusukela isabelomali.

Indima izimali ephakanyiswe

izimali siqu amabhizinisi atehlukaniseki nge ohlelweni credit. Endabeni a eshodayo kwezimali, ungakwazi ukusebenzisa amabhange. Ngokuvamile, inhlokodolobha extra ehilelekile kwaqedwa ukusebenza. Futhi, ukuze izinkinga zabo zezomnotho lenkampani angase asebenzise izindlela ezinye izinhlangano kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifana ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano, amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense kanye nabanye. Leyo misebenzi kungaba kwenziwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze andise nokulingana abaphendukela corporatisation. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, udaba zezikweletu izibopho ezazibambe sokubolekwayo. Ekugcineni, ubuhlobo izakhi ezihlukahlukene uhlelo lwezimali ngenxa inhlangano yabo elisebunyeni. Isimo kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni emphakathini, kokubili ngokomnotho nangokwenhlalo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekuchithweni kwayo kunesithembiso kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezimali. It wabathwala ngokusebenzisa isabelomali isiRashiya, credit umphakathi, kanye nezimali ahlukahlukene. Amafa we amabhange ezahlukene kanye umshwalense akhiwa edonsa dolobha khulula. izimali siqu izinhlangano commercial kukhona inqwaba yawo.

Izimpawu uhlelo lwezimali Russian. Izici

isimo somnotho kanye zezimali ilawulwa iyithuluzi eliyinhloko - isakhiwo egqinsiwe. Kuzo zonke izigaba lokhu kucushwa isinqunyiwe ezingeni likazwelonke umsebenzi Ukhiye: ukwakheka kanye nezindleko yesikhwama jikelele izimali. Sonke lesi sakhiwo kuhlanganisa amabhajethi endaweni, esifundeni sikahulumeni. Ngo kwembulunga yonke zanamuhla kwamafa ebhizinisi yezwe ngalinye laba isisekelo sokuphepha yezomnotho. Kusukela usayizi zabo nezindawo zincike:

- izinhlelo zomphakathi;

- ukugcinwa kanye nomsebenzi we-yesimiso sokuzivikela;

- ukuqinisekisa wonke amazinga kahulumeni;

- ukuthuthukiswa zobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni amasu;

- ukusekela umnotho kanye nezinhlangano zalo ephambili phakathi isimo, kanye nokunye okuningi.

Uhlelo zezimali yezwe yakhiwa izakhi eziningi. Abanye babo uxhaso ngaphakathi amukela uhlelo izindleko futhi izimali, abanye - akukho. Ngokwesibonelo, kwetfula tinhlelo ukuthi kukhona orientation yezenhlalakahle noma yezokwelapha, kukhona izimali extra-kwesabelomali. Isimo, njengoba ilungu kohlelo lwangaphakathi emakethe ingaba njengesihluthulelo imali izimali umboleki kusuka abanye abahlanganyeli emakethe. Ababolekisi kulokhu kuyoba izinhlangano ezingokomthetho kanye nabantu kokuba kulahlwa khulula zabo imali amafa. Isidingo sokubolekwayo abavuthiwe kwetinhlavu kusilela esabelweni sezimali. Ukubolekwa isetshenziselwa ukumnika yesikhashana izimali emikhakheni ethile komnotho ukuze sihlale siqinile wezwe wezimali. Esimweni lapho isimo iye yakhetha zokweboleka kusuka nezinye izinhlangano noma abantu, kukhona izikweletu. Ngokusho izici zayo, ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (kuye ngokuthi indawo ayemkweleta sika sokubhalisa). Ngesimo, izikweletu kuzona State, kungenziwa imelelwa:

- nokubonga;

- ukubolekisa uhulumeni, kwenziwe usebenzisa ukukhululwa emakethe kwamatayitela;

- ezinye izikweletu.

Izinguquko ezenziwe ngemva kokuwa ye-USSR

Kutfutfukiswa uhlelo lwezimali WaseRussia sika ekhuluphalisiweyo kubonakale kule minyaka yamuva. Kwezinye imikhakha yezomnotho kazwelonke siyenzeka izinkomba zokukhula, kodwa izimboni eziningi ababhekene isikhathi yokujama tsi kanye nokwanda kancane. Uhlelo yasebhange kwaba ngemva 1998 crisis ukubuyisela cishe ngokuphelele ukusebenza ngonyaka. Ngezenzo ekuthuthukiseni izindawo abolekise, ngalokho lunikeze nomthelela obalulekile isimo sezomnotho ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo share imali ikakhulu umkhakha wezimboni ezizimele, njalo anda, okhombisa ngcono inhlalakahle yabantu iyonke. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule siye sanda esitokisini, kukhuphuke ngamazwe credit izilinganiso ukuzinza kwezezimali waseRussia. Noma kunjalo, inani lemikhaya edonsa dolobha angaphandle ohlelweni zezimali yezwe, kuqhathaniswa ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe athuthukile (eJalimane, e-USA, France), kuqhathaniswa ongaphakeme. Nokho, ukukhula okuqhubekayo indices nezilinganiso kudala indawo evumayo for zimali angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba Dynamics omuhle zokukhula nezimali ezinkulu futhi ukuwa zenzalo ubhekene nenkinga yezimali. I izimfanelo ukuvela kulezi zinkanyezi kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo ukwanda namanye amazwe, eluhlaza impahla yokuthengisa ngohlobo lamazwe angaphandle, kanye inqubomgomo jikelele angaphandle isimo. ukheshe ukutholakala ngenxa ukwehlisa zenzalo luba nomthelela omuhle amabhizinisi ngobukhulu kuleli ukwandisa umsebenzi wezimali ukwanda kwezomnotho. uhlelo Modern zezimali Russia emva uchungechunge kugucuka waqala ukwenza umsebenzi walo main - ukuqinisekisa ukukhula komnotho.

Izinguquko kule ndawo

yokuphathwa kwezimali uhlelo eRussia isikhathi eside akukho zinguquko abalulekile. Ngo-2006, umthetho kukhona cardinal kabusha. They namatha kwasekuqaleni, ukwakheka kanye nezindleko Isabelomali Russian Federation. Kukhona Emayunithi lamasha kwesakhiwo. Ngo amabhajethi oluthile komasipala ngabanye kanye ezigudle emadolobheni kwamiswa. Ngo lomthetho esizayo Kulemiklamo usebhekene wokubuyekeza eningi. Omunye izingozi esemqoka letibukene neluhlelo lwetimali we Russian Federation - kuyinto izikweletu sekwephuzile ngesikweletu izibopho ebhange. Inani izikweletu Imininingwane ukhula, okuyinto kunomthelela omubi imikhakha eyehlukene yomnotho. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, amabhange ukwelulwa credit izibopho kudinga inflow njalo yemali. Ngokusho osomnotho, inani ubakweleta ongama-10% wenani isakhiwo loan iphothifoliyo ukuthi kwakuyoba nomphumela omubi lonke Isimo sezomnotho. Uhulumeni waseRussia ifuna izindlela ukuxazulula le nkinga. Kuphakanyiswa ukwandisa ofeleba lamabhange ngobukhulu ngezithukuthuku kumasheya ezindawo zikahulumeni. ongakhetha nazo kubhekwe okwandisa umshwalense ingxenye idiphozi kanye ukuhoxiswa yamalayisense zokuqhuba imisebenzi yezimali eziningi "alithembekile" yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali.

Umsuka izinkinga wesimanje

Inani zezomnotho ezinkulu zasekhaya bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu ubuthakathaka, okuyinto uhlelo sezimali Russian Federation - kuyinto ukungakwazi ngokushesha ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezimakethe oguqukayo, kanye ukuncika kakhulu ku izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokungabikhona kokuncintisana kwezinye izingxenye. Uhulumeni, ngokwethula izinguquko ezintsha kwezomnotho, uzama qondanisa isimo esinzima emkhakheni yemali. Wenzeka imijovo njalo dolobha kusukela Reserve Isikhwama, okuyinto yena, kwakheka ngesikhathi insalela isabelomali (ngaphambi 2008). Nokho, ochwepheshe abaningi uyavuma ukuthi izimali zayo akuzona angenamkhawulo futhi izothatha iminyaka embalwa. Russia Modern uyahamba ngenqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kumiswa yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu kwezomnotho. Ziningi izici ezingezinhle ohambisana lesi senzo, isibonelo, izikweletu ngesikweletu nezibopho, isimo sinzima ukuba ihlaziye futsi abhekwe ngalokufanele. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi kunzima ngokwanele ukuhlela umsebenzi omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko imakethe lesimeme - ukuhanjiswa kwezezimali (isisetshenziswa) ageleza phakathi.

isiphetho

Umnotho, esekelwe okuyinto uhlelo yebhange ngezimali, has ithuba elanele asabela ngokushesha noma yiziphi izinguquko. Ibhange esimaphakathi ilungu lokugcina kulesi sakhiwo credit. Kule ndaba, ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yezezimali Russian Federation kulindeleke kuqale Ukukhetha kwamabhange, lapho ukuhanjiswa eziyisisekelo isisetshenziswa notshwala kuzokwenzeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele ube isakhiwo ezinzile, ukususwa kwabo bonke abadlali ababuthakathaka. Kuyadingeka ukuba kanyekanye ukuthuthukisa izimakethe zezimali Russian Federation, okuyinto, ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, basesimweni esewusana ekuseni. Kuphela mibandela kungenzeka ukwakha isisekelo somnotho enempilo. It kwakhe esikhathini esizayo umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuhanjiswa kwezinsiza zezimali ngaphakathi ezweni bayonikezwa.