Imidwebo ngabakwa Durer. "Melancholia" by Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), umdwebi isiJalimane, umculi ingcaca, a umhlaziyi ovelele yobuciko, wazalelwa emkhayeni omkhulu Hungarian Albrehta Dyurera Sr. noBarbara Holper amaJalimane. Umndeni wawuhlala emzini eNuremberg itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeJalimane. Ubaba, umkhandi wesiliva, lo mfana ezama ukugxilisa isithakazelo umsebenzi ngamagugu sika, kodwa u-Albrecht wayefuna ukuba abe umculi. Futhi lapho Dürer omncane engenathi engu-15 ubudala, wathunyelwa workshop odumile eNuremberg umdwebi Michael Wohlgemuth.

Izinyathelo lokuqala mculi abasha

Albrecht ebonakaliswe umfundi azimisele nakwaziyo, yena ngesikhathi esifushane kahle canons eziyisisekelo umdwebo bese wabhala imidwebo ezincane ezimbalwa. Dürer imidwebo eziye kugunyazwe uthisha. Wohlgemuth, ngaphezu kokudala imidwebo, wafunda ihluzo. yezicathulo yakhe, wenza ngesisekelo Woodcuts (oqoshwe ukhuni), elisetshenziswa encwadini yakhe "eNuremberg Chronicle" Hartmann Schedel, umdwebi wamabalazwe German. Imifanekiso eyenziwe Wohlgemuth nabafundi bakhe zazakha ingxenye enkulu yale ncwadi, okuyinto wehla emlandweni njengoba omuhle wobuciko. Umbhali omunye mikhondo encwadini "Dance of Death" kwaba Albrecht Dürer.

uhambo okudala

Ngekhulu le-15 e-Germany kwakukhona isiko umfundi uhambo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kwakuqashwe ujwayelene nomsebenzi abaculi abavela kwezinye izifunda zezwe. Wenza uhambo olunjalo nokudweba abasha Dürer. uhambo yakhe eyathatha iminyaka emine, kusukela 1490 kuze 1494-th. Ngaphezu imizi German umdwebi Dürer, ogama imidwebo ayesevele aziwa kahle, futhi bavakashela idolobha eSwitzerland neNetherlands, ukuthola okuhlangenwe nakho eliyigugu kusukela amakhosi olukhulu Umdwebo lase nochwepheshe yaseSwitzerland oqoshiwe. Ukuqala uhambo lwakhe, Dürer ufuna ukubonana umculi Martin Schongauer, ayebabheka njengamalungu indinganiso kobuhle zobuciko. Nakuba Schongauer e Colmar wayehlala futhi esebenza kwendandatho ku zethusi. Nokho, umhlangano abaculi ababili akazange kwenzeka ngempela, njengoba Martin ngaphambi nje kokufa ukufika Albrecht.

Bandishala

Albrecht Dürer, imidwebo nemifanekiso lapho ayesevele aziwa kumbuthano wezazi, bahlangana nalo mzalwane ngasekupheleni Martin Schongauer, Ludwig, naye zigxilile zethusi. Ludwig futhi Albrecht wanika okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe. Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa zethusi lokuqopha imigexo ladzingekako, futhi baye Durer, kusukela esemncane, wachitha iminyaka eminingi ekusizeni ubucwebe uthenga uyise. Albrecht wathutha waya eBasel, ukuphrinta isikhungo. E Basel, wayephila omunye ka Schongauer mfowethu, Georg. Ukubambisana nabo, Durer yingcweti bonke ubuqili udala encwadini ukuqopha, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana kwaqala ukuvela imifanekiso, izincwadi Basel entsha, ezazingaziwa, isitayela. Ukudala Durer phelelisa yena asebenzisa ngayo ngokuphumelelayo indlela entsha. Encwadini "Umkhumbi of Fools 'yi-satirist German Sebastian Brant, kwakukhona 75 wemifanekiso yakhe ingcaca. Futhi e Basel Dürer wadala uchungechunge kwendandatho incwadi ka amahlaya Publius Terence, the comedy wamaRoma. Basel Albrecht waya Strasbourg, lapho ebhala adumile "Self-Portrait nge somkhaya" yakhe, okuyinto ithunyelwa umakoti.

Buyela eNuremberg

ENuremberg Albreht Dyurer, imidwebo ezalotshwa ngaphambili umoya ukunambitheka isiJalimane, wabuya e 1494 nge omningi ulwazi etholakale phakathi kweminyaka emine Ukuzula lonke elaseYurophu. Ngokushesha washada Agnes Frey, intombazane ehloniphekayo, indodakazi Hansa Freya, usingathe workshop olunembile sokulinganisa zomculo. Umshado wanika Albrecht ithuba ukuziqalela amabhizinisi abo. Nokho, wamisa eshabhu lakhe siqu eNuremberg, yena kuphela 1495, ngoba ezinyangeni ezimbili ngemva komshado bakhe baya e-Italy, lapho wazana emsebenzini Giovanni Bellini, umpendi lesikole Venetian, futhi Mantegna, ababambelela isitayela abukhali futhi kube lukhuni yokudweba WasePadua. Ezinye imidwebo ngu Dürer Kamuva abhalwe ngendlela efanayo. A indaba emfushane ka uhlamvu landscape, Dürer ezenziwe ngesikhathi uhambo e-Italy, kamuva abe eziqoshiwe.

kwendandatho

Lapho ebuya Italy Albrecht Dürer wavula eshabhu lakhe futhi wachitha eminye iminyaka engu-10 ezayo ukukhiqizwa kwe Woodcuts nethusi. Ukuhlanganyela nosebenza nabo eNuremberg-okuyinhloko - uHans von Kulmbach noHans Shoyfelinom, enikeziwe Dürer kwendandatho efanekisa izinhlelo Pindar, futhi Goltselya UKoberger. Albrecht imisebenzi babe uhlamvu ezijulile thematic, izinga lokuphila kwabo kwaba ngesikhathi okusezingeni eliphezulu ezingeni kwezobuciko. Dürer kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso master consummate yebhuku umfanekiso. Ngo 1498 umshicileli UKoberger wanyathelisa incwadi "Apocalypse", ehlanganisa 15 Woodcuts umculi ingcaca, kuhlanganise nethi "Abagibeli Abane" futhi "The Battle of Arhangela Mihaila nodrako." I yokudweba "Apocalypse" Dürer kubhekwa the best of umsebenzi wakhe. Isihloko esihlanganisa 15 izindaba ibe ebumbene, waba lolungenamaphutsa kubonakala umculi. umbhalo ngamunye njengoba iwukuqhutshwa odlule obulandela esilandelayo. Futhi kamuva kakhulu, e-1514, base ongaqondakali zethusi lokuqopha onesihloko esithi "Melancholia" yadalwa. Dürer edwetshwe ke ingelosi nesithukuthezi, okuyinto, ngokusobala, nakho libhekene nakho ngokomzwelo.

imidwebo

"Apocalypse" Albrecht Dürer baletha udumo emhlabeni wonke, futhi "Melancholia" by Durer wangena Isikhwama yegolide ezobuciko. Omunye umsebenzi enkulu Encwadini umdwebi sika "The Passion of St Brigid", ezazihlanganisa 30 eziqoshiwe. Ngaphezu abasebenza imifanekiso yezincwadi yesimanje, Dürer futhi wadala etchings ngoba imisebenzi abalobi basendulo ezifana Aristotle uTheophrastus Aristophanes futhi Lucian. Catching ihluzo, u-Albrecht akuwenzanga nokudweba, Durer ngezikhathi uvele emehlweni omphakathi jikelele. Futhi kule minyaka 1497-1499 ke ekumeni abangu ngesineke: Albrehta Dyurera Omdala, uyise umdwebi sika, Elector Frederick III Saxony, Oswald Krell, i-ejenti kwezohwebo. Omunye imisebenzi kunazo yesiteleka kule imidwebo kubhekwa Durer mdwebo "The Wokudumisa izazi." Okulandelayo kuba "Dresden Altarpiece" futhi "nosizi eziyisikhombisa" - i polyptych ebanzi.

Venice

Ngo 1505 Dürer waya Italy futhi. Ngo-Venice, wabhala: "Umkhosi Rosary", kodwa isithombe ayidalwanga ku-canvas bendabuko, kanye ebhodini yesihlahla se-poplar, enombono uyibeka lebandleni San Bartolomeo eduze ukuhweba endlini German Fondaco dei Tedeschi. isithombe oluhleliwe abathengisi abadumile German. Okwamanje, "umkhosi Ngerosari" ku-National Gallery ePrague. Inkathi isikhathi imakwe ngemisebenzi amakhosi amakhulu, Titian, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione. Nokho, u-Albrecht Durer nethonya bobuchule Dzhovanni Bellini, okuyinto owawuqondene naye Ngokwesibonelo umbala inimitable. Ekugcineni, yena wenza ubungani nabantazana umdwebi Italian futhi ngesicelo sakhe, wabhala omunye imidwebo yakhe Venetian - "Madonna nge Chizhik". Omunye umsebenzi wadala ayezidinga lapho Venice, Dürer, "Kristu phakathi Odokotela," Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi siye sanikezelwa kunkulunkulukazi u umngane Albrecht.

Bologna

Kungakhathaliseki ubungane Giovanni Bellini, Dürer Wayeyindoda ehlonishwa futhi ohlonishwa e-Venice. City Council ebekwe uyephuza umdwebi onekhono, isiphakamiso kuye ducats 200 njengenhlangano ibhonasi yonyaka. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi Albrecht Dürer ngeke ubambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi ezisemadolobheni. Nokho, umculi ayinakho izinhlelo ukuphila umzimba, lapho inesifiso wokwazi into entsha ngokwabo, futhi le njongo kwakudingekile ukuba njalo ukuhamba. Ngemva kwesikhashana Dürer wayeseRoma, lapho ayenethemba lokuthi uzohlangana uMbusi Maximilian. Umhlangano neze zenzeka, futhi Albrecht waya Bologna ukuvakashela inyuvesi futhi ahlangane ososayensi. Yayithanda imibuzo amathemba, ukutadisha ayeyoba ukwazi kahle ukwakha imidwebo yabo. Ukuxhumana nge sezibalo Luca Pacioli, bese ingxoxo eside nge umakhi Donato Bramante wajoyina esitolo lolwazi umculi, futhi imidwebo ngu Dürer baba ezinkulu ngaphezulu.