Ukutholakala radioactivity.

Umlando uyazi Ezimweni ezinjalo, uma imibono esikhulu siza usosayensi ngephutha. Lokhu kungenziwa ashiwo physics French Anri Bekkerelyu, lagcwaliseka ngo-1896, ukutholakala kombhalo radioactivity. Isizathu zokuqhuba ucwaningo kwaba ukufunda B. Roentgen X-ray. Kulokhu, usosayensi wenza nokucabanga ukuthi zixhumene lo mkhuba luminescence. Futhi cishe, ukuthi lolu hlobo luminescence awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela imisebe cathode.

Becquerel wanquma ukutadisha hypothesis ukubeka phambili V Roentgen. Wazibuza ukuthi luminescent izidakamizwa bungakhiphi misebe kokuba ikhono ukungena ngokusebenzisa ukwahlukanisa opaque. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, Becquerel wathatha ipuleti enezithombe zihambisana black ifilimu yakhe, nibeke usawoti camera uranium yethusi cross wabekwa elangeni. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lapho le filimu. Kwatholakala ukuthi ubeyisibenzi black kulezo zindawo lapho kwakukhona khona esiphambanweni. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi uranium uyakwazi odala emisebeni edabula izinto opaque nezenzo on ipuleti lokushicilela. Ngaleso sikhathi, Becquerel babekholelwa ukuthi isizathu ukuvutha uranium - ilanga.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, usosayensi isinqumo ukuphinda ukuhlola. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi sezulu liguqubele yezimvula wamvimbela ukuba uqale isifundo. Becquerel phansi ipuleti omnyama wrapper nge cross endaweni emnyama yokugcina izinsuku. Lapho-physics yabonisa ifilimu enezithombe, kwatholakala ukuthi, ngenkathi ebumnyameni, kwaba abamnyama okuningi kunangesikhathi nelanga. Ngokuhlola inqwaba zamakhemikhali, Becquerel wathola ukuthi bungakhiphi misebe ukuthi zingene ngokusebenzisa iphepha amnyama, can kuphela into okwakhiwa kwalo kukhona uranium. Kusukela kwatholakala radioactivity kwakwenziwa

Ngemva kwalokho, lesi simanga iye balitadishisise nomkakhe Mariey Sklodovskoy futhi Pierre Curie. Ukutholakala radioactivity kwaba isizathu ekutadisheni nezinye izakhi eziningi. Pierre and Marie athola ukuthi eziningi amakhemikhali labo abazokwazi likhipha yokuntwela okokufaka ezintathu: i-beta, i-alpha, gamma -. Aye balitadishisise lo mkhuba imisebe, wafunda ikhono lakhe ezijulile ukuziphatha e kazibuthe. Ukutholakala kwalezi zinto baye bavumela ososayensi ukuthola mass, velocity ophethe izinhlayiya ezenza ukukhanya.

Lezi zifundo zenziwa zaba ezitholakele eziphawuleka emkhakheni physics. Kwatholakala ukuthi imisebe-alpha kuthiwa inqwaba izinhlayiya kuqhathaniswa esindayo, the velocity zazo ayizinkulungwane 16 amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana. Ngamunye wabo emibili emihle icala kagesi kanye inobungako. Ngesisekelo beta-ray - electron, noma izakhi ukukhanya omubi icala. isivinini awo ezingaphezu kuka-300 eziyinkulungwane amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana. A-gamma ray isakhiwo zifana-X-ray. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, izazi zesayensi ziye wathola amaqiniso ambalwa mnandi. Kwatholakala ukuthi i-beta-likhipha noma-alpha izinhlayiya, ama-athomu ezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela abanye.

Ucwaningo i-ore, okuyinto bekuyingxenye cindezela kanye nokwe-uranium, uvulekele entsha ngokuphelele, hhayi ngalifunda isici zamakhemikhali. Igama layo - ephelele - kwaba behlonipha ekhaya ezweni sikaMariya - Poland. A zesayensi kwesikhashana livula olunye isici enemisebe - Radium (ekhazimulayo). Le ngxenye lwabelwe emisebeni sasivumela eqinile. Ithebula Radium Mendeleev kokuba i isisindo athomu 226, 88 matasa cell. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi adi-, inombolo ngokulandelana mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 83, e nature enemisebe, ukuthi uyakwazi ukudala emisebeni angesabi.

Ngo-1903, i-Curies for kokutholakala radioactivity ayekade uMklomelo KaNobel. UMariya Sklodovskaya waba owesifazane Uprofesa kuqala. Ngenxa wakhe, ngokuhamba Sorbonne University ekutadisheni radioactivity siqala.